Kinesiology Notes.doc - Kinesiology Notes Anatomical Terms...

Kinesiology Notes
Anatomical Terms
1. Anterior - the front
2. Posterior - the back
3. Lateral - to the side
4. Medial - towards the middle or midline
5. Superior - above
6. Inferior - below
7. Proximal - limbs, extremities, or joints close to the center of the body
8. Distal - limbs, extremities or joints farther from the body
9. Superficial - muscle layer closest to the skin
10. Deep - muscle layer closest to the bone
11. Anatomical Position - parallel feet, palms front
Joint Action
1. Extension - increasing the angle between two levers
2. Flexion - decreasing the angle between two levers
3. Hyperextension - increasing the angle between two levers greater than 180 degrees
4. Abduction - movement away from the midline
5. Adduction - movement toward the midline
6. Rotation -movement around the central axis of a lever
a. Internal - medial
b. External - lateral
7. Circumduciton -combination of movement where the proximal is fixed but the
distal is moving. (Rond de jambe)
8. Inversion - rotation of a limb inward, toward the front of the body (sycling)
9. Eversion - rotation of a limb outward, toward the back of the body (winging)
10. Pronation - action of the tarsus bones of the foot, which is a combination of
abduction and eversion (rolling in on foot)
11. Supination - combination of adduction and inversion (rolling out on foot)
12. Dorsiflexion - ankle movement into flexion (dorsi=top of foot) –flexing foot
13. Plantarflexion - extension of the ankle joint moveing toward the plantar surface
14. Radial/Ulnar Deviation
a. Radial - laterally moving towards the thumb
b. Ulnar - laterally moving towards the pinky
15. Protractions - contractions, movements that contracts or flexes forward
16. Retraction - movement that flexes backwards or posteriorally
Bone and Joint Structure
1. Ossification - hardening of the bone
2. Epiphysial Line - region of the long bones where growth occurs
3. Articulation - points at which two or more bones meet to form a joint
4. Articulating Surface - surface of the bone that contacts the other bone
5. Hyaline Cartilage - dense cushioning material found on the articulating surface;
covers the ends of opposing bones

6. Synovial Membrane - connective tissues encasement around a joint; “joint
capsule”
7. Synovial Fluid - lubricating fluid secreted by synovial membrane into the joint
capsule
8. Ligaments - non-elastic connective tissue that connects bone to bone
9. Tendons - elastic connective tissues that connects muscles and bone
10. Bursa - tiny, fluid-filled sacks that serve as “ball bearings” at the bodies high
friction points
11. Meniscus - semi-lunar shaped cartilages; build up at the sides of a flat, articulating
surface
Bony Landmarks
1. Trochanter - large chunk of bone
2. Tuberosity - medium chunk of bone
3. Tubercle - little bone chunk of bone
4. Crest - large ridge or border of bone (pelvis)
5. Line - smaller ridge of the bone (femur)
6. Spine - projection of bone (scapula)
7. Head - spherical shaped bone; beyond a narrow necklace portion of bone
8. Condyle - big segments of bone at the end of hones, frequently serving as joint
articulation
9. Fossa - big cavity or depression, indentation
10. Fovea