Pharmacology Final.docx - Pharmacology Final...

Pharmacology Final
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacodynamics- interactions between living organisms and foreign chemicals
- Pharmacokinetics - study of absorption, distribution, metabolism (biotransformation), and excretion of
drugs
A. Effect of drug toxicity
Primary Actions
a. Overdose; extension of the desired effect
Secondary Actions
b. Undesired effects produced in addition to the pharmacologic effect
Hypersensitivity Reactions
c. Excessive response to primary or secondary effect of drug
Signs and Symptoms of Organ Toxicity
-CNS – altered LOC
-Eyes- ocular damage
-Ear- auditory damage, tinnitus
-Mouth- Stomatitis, mucous membranes
-Skin- hives, rash
-Liver- fever, nausea, JAUNDICE, tea colored urine
-Kidney- change in urinary pattern, increased BUN and creatinine (renal function test)
-Bone marrow suppression – blood dyscrasia
-Tetrogenicity
Laboratory Testing
ALT/AST – Liver function test
BUN- Kidney function test
Allergic Reactions
• Anaphylactic Reaction- constricting bronchi, hives, rash, increased BP
• Cytotoxic Reaction- antibodies attack antigens in blood, CBC, liver function test
• Serum Sickness Reaction- antibodies in blood damage various tissues, swollen lymph nodes,
fever
• Delayed Allergic Reaction- antibodies bound to WBC, rash hives, swollen join ts
Principles of Anti-Microbial Therapy
1. Bacteriostatic vs Bacteriocidal
-Bacteriocidial- kill the cell
-Bacteriostatic- prevent reproduction of the cell
2. Principles of Culture and Sensitivity
-Culture- identification of pathogen
-Sensitivity- identifies pathogen and appropriate drug for treatment
3. Indications and Uses

Decrease the population of the invading bacteria to a point where the human immune system
can effectively deal with the invader
4. PENICILLIN
 Core Drug Knowledge
– bactericidal, interfere with bacterial cell wall
Adverse Effects-
GI tract, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
 Core Patient Variable
Health Teaching & Nursing Intervention
Asses RESPIRATORY function, abdominal and renal function, C&S
Complete full course of antibiotics
5. ISONIAZID
 Core Drug Knowledge - antimycobacterial, kills TB and Leprosy
Adverse Effect -
peripheral neuropathy
 Core Patient Variable
Nursing Intervention
CNS dysfunction, respiratory renal and hepatic function test, Culture and sensitivity test
Give vitamin B6
6. CLOTRIMAZOLE
 Core Drug Knowledge -
Azoles / antifungal
 Indications and Uses -
binds to sterols and can cause cell death, inhibit glucan synthesis
used to treat fungal infection
Tetrogenic
Antiinflammatory Drug and Pain Medications
7. ASPIRIN-
Treats inflammatory conditions, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, anti-thrombotic, anti-
analgesic
 Core Drug Knowledge – prevents conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin
- Contraindication and Precaution – bleeding disorders, skin lesions, impaired renal function
SALICYLISM- 20-25G DOSE IN ADULT and 4G in children
SSx: hyperpnea, tachypnea, hemorrhage, excitement, confusion, pulmonary edema

- Adverse Effect
– BLEEDING, ringing in the ears, tinnitus
Petechiae