Physiology Exam Study Guide.docx - PCB STUDY GUIDE 1...

PCB STUDY GUIDE 1
Physiology Final Exam Study Guide
By Lucas Gomes Coelho de Oliveira

PCB STUDY GUIDE 2
Homeostasis
 Muscle tissue
o Skeletal: voluntary muscle
o Cardiac: involuntary
o Smooth: found in the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs
 Nerve tissue
o Brain = CNS
o Spinal cord =CNS
o Nerves = PNS
o Composed of neurons and neuroglia
 Epithelial tissue
o Forms the membranes that cover body surfaces
o Lines the insides of hollow organs and glands
o Simple epithelium: one layer, specializes in the transport of substances
o Stratified epithelium: multiple layers, provides protection
 Connective tissue
o Matrix made up of protein fibers, extracellular material, and specialized
cells
o 4 types:
 Connective tissue proper
 Cartilage
 Bone
 Blood
 An organ is composed of two or more tissues, group of organs = organ system
 Homeostasis: dynamic constancy in body’s internal environment
o Internal environment: extracellular fluid (67%)
o External environment: the space surrounds the body (33%)
 The body maintains homeostasis through feedback systems
o Receptor -> control center -> effector
o Most controlled variables in the body are regulated by a negative feedback
system
CELLS

PCB STUDY GUIDE 3
 Plasma membrane
o Phospholipid bilayer
o Restricts the movement of water, water-soluble molecules and Ions
o *Phospholipids and proteins are not trapped in the membrane, but
constantly move laterally = “Fluid mosaic model”
 Nonpolar end = tails (hydrophobic, lipid portion)
 Polar end = head (hydrophilic, phosphorous end)
o Small hydrophobic substances like gases (O and CO2) pass through the
bilayer freely and small lipid-soluble molecules
o Small hydrophilic substances will need the help of membrane proteins to
pass through
 Interstitial fluid = extracellular fluid + blood plasma
 Phagocytosis = cell eating (outside)
o Bacteria, dead cells, or other organic materials get engulfed by
pseudopods which then fuse together to form a food vacuole
o Engulf whole particle to be broken down inside the cell
 Vacuole then fuses with a lysosome, and the material is digested
 Endocytosis = furrows inward to bring in the substance (inside)
o 2 types:
 Pinocytosis: nonspecific (liquid)
 Ingests particles that are already broken down
 Receptor-mediated endocytosis: specific
 Has receptor proteins in the membrane that will bind to the
substance to be brought in

PCB STUDY GUIDE 4
 Exocytosis: large cellular products (proteins) are moved out
of the cell
o When intracellular vesicle joins with the plasma membrane
 Cytoplasm = liquid that organelles float on
o Cytoskeleton = provides structure
 3 parts (in order from smallest to biggest):
 Microfilaments: helps generate movements, provides
mechanical support, and forms microvilli (which increase
surface area for chemical reactions and rapid diffusion)
 Intermediate filaments: help position organelles, and attach
cells to one another
 Microtubules: determines cell shape, movement of
organelles (found in cilia and flagella)
o