lecture prodnpractices(annual&perennial).docx - PRODUCTION...

PRODUCTION PRACTICES FOR ANNUAL & PERENNIAL CROPS
NENITA B. BALDO
Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department
College Of Agriculture
Central Mindanao University
Musuan, Bukidnon
KNOW THE CROP KNOW THE SITE/LOCATION
CHARACTERISTICS
Crop Requirement Site Characteristics
Considerations and Concern
- Climate requirements - Climate
- Soil Requirements - Soil
- Biological Considerations - Physical
- Socioeconomic/cultural considerations - Biological
- Environmental Concerns - Socio economic
considerations
- Other special requirements - Other
Constraints to
productivity
CROPPING PURPOSE AND INTENSITY
Commercial or family consumption: - twice a year or thrice a year
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram on Components of Crop Production
A. Site Selection and Its Consideration
1. Peace and Order Situation
2. Accessibility to Transportation Facilities and Marketing Centers
3. Availability of Labor
4. Climate Factor: a.
Water or Rainfall
- 90-95% plant weight on fresh weight basis is water
- raw material for photosynthesis
- Classification of Plants Based on Water Needs:
a.1. Xerophytes – requires less water ex. Dessert plants
or orchids a.2.Mesophytes – requires moderate amount of water;
most of the upland crops ex. Corn and legumes
a.3. Hydrophytes – water loving plants ex. rice, kangkong
Table 1.Average consumptive use of water by representative crops
CROP GROWING PERIOD CONSUMPTIVE USE (cm)
Rice 90-120 75 WS – 112 DS
Cassava 240-356 50-250
Corn 100 55
mungbean 60-68 41
peanut 90-150 50-60
soybean 80-90 53
Sugarcane 350-365
b. Temperature – optimum temperature during growing season.
- Low night temperature – best for fruit development
- Low temperature months – favors the planting of cool season crops

c. Light – required daylength and degree of tolerance by crop. -
needed by the plant in the process of photosynthesis.
- Classification of Plants Based on Light:
c.1. Light Duration – refers to daylength
Long day Plant (LDP) – requires light >12 hours to flower.
Short day Plant (SDP) – requires <12 hours of day length to
flower. Day Neutral Plant (DNP) – not affected by photoperiod.
c.2. Light Intensity – refers to the amount of light received by the plant.
- Shade–loving plants – requires less light intensity. Grow well under shaded
conditions ex. ginger, coffee, cacao, and gabi.
- Sun-loving plants – requires light intensity from 10,000 to 15,000 ft.
candle ex. rice, corn, legumes.
c.3. Light Quality – refers to the wave length of light
d. Air – Compose of Nitrogen, oxygen, CO2 and H2O
e. Wind – sensitivity to wind movements or typhoons.
Normal wind velocity in the Philippines = 7.2 km/hr.
Table 2. Wind speed and affected processes, structure, or parts of plant
5. Soil Requirement
* pH – range tolerated by plant: 5.0-7.5 – optimum pH for field crops; cassava, sweet potato and
some new strains of peanut, soybean, cowpea and corn = 4.3 – 5.0 (tolerance)
* Soil fertility – different type of plants requires specific nutrients (16 to 17 essential elements;
macro and micro elements)
* Organic matter – indicator of N fertility (> 2%)
* Adaptation to problem soils – saline, acid soils, etc.
6. Biological considerations (involves living organisms)
* Resistance/susceptibility to pests and diseases.