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Unformatted text preview: 1 Air: Climate and Pollution Chapter 9 2 • The Atmosphere and Climate • Climate Change • Air Pollution • Ozone layer depletion • Effects of Air Pollution • Air Pollution Control • Clean Air Legislation • Current Conditions and Future Prospects TOPICS 3 ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE • Weather- A description of short-term physical conditions of the atmosphere. • Climate- A description of the long-term weather pattern in a particular area. ¡ Weather and climate are primary determinants of biomes and ecosystem distribution. 4 The Sun and Atmospheric Circulation • Biome distribution results from the interaction of features of the earth and: ¡ the amount of solar heat that reaches different parts of the earth and seasonal variations. ¡ global atmospheric circulation and resulting ocean current patterns. 5 The Sun and Atmospheric Circulation • Warm tropics ¡ Because the earth is a sphere, some regions receive more solar energy than others.- Sun’s rays arrive almost perpendicular to the equator. ¡ Earth’s annual orbit around the sun and its daily rotation on its axis play important roles in climate. 6 Relationships Between the Earth and Sun 7 The Sun and Atmospheric Circulation • Major atmospheric circulation patterns ¡ Warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air. ¡ Warm, moist air rises at the equator, cools, condenses, and falls as rain near the equator, and then flows back toward the poles.- Air masses descend and produce arid zones at 30 o N and S latitudes.- rise again at 60 o N and S latitudes 8 Convection Cells and Prevailing Winds 9 Atmospheric Circulation and Climate • Most of the major world’s deserts lie at 30 o N and S latitude. • Other major deserts are formed in the interior of large continents, or because of the rain shadow effect .- Mountain ranges intercept moisture- laden air masses from the sea. ¾ The air mass rises, cools and drops rain on windward side. ¡ leeward side often much drier 10 Convection Currents 11 Rain Shadow Effect 12 A Layered Envelope • Troposphere ¡ Ranges in depth from 18 km over the equator to about 8 km over the poles. ¡ Air circulates in convection currents. ¡ Air temperature drops rapidly with increasing altitude. ¡ Contains 75% of total air mass.- Tropopause- Transition boundary limits mixing between the troposphere and upper zones. 13 Atmospheric Temperature Changes 14 A Layered Envelope • Stratosphere ¡ Extends from troposphere to about 50 km. ¡ Similar composition to Troposphere, but much more dilute. ¡ Temperature increases with altitude. ¡ Fraction of water vapor is 1000x less and ozone is 1000x more than in the troposphere. ¡ Relatively calm. 15 Table 09.01 16 A Layered Envelope • Mesosphere ¡ Middle Layer....
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- Fall '09
- Qian/Ren/Ko
- Greenhouse gas
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