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STUDY GUIDE PSYC 2000 EXAM #1
Module 1: Story of Psychology
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Psychology: The science of behavior and mental processes
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Wilhelm Wundt: established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig,
Germany
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Edward Bradford Titchener: Titchener used introspection to search for the mind’s
structural elements
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William James and Mary Whiton Calkins: James, legendary teacher-writer, mentored
Calkins, who became a pioneering memory researcher and the first woman to be
President of the American Psychological Association
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Margaret Floy Washburn: The first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D., Washburn
synthesized animal behavior research in
The Animal Mind
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Sigmund Freud: The controversial ideas of this famed personality theorist and therapist
have influenced humanity’s self-understanding
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John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner: Working with Rauner, Watson championed
psychology as the science of behavior and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby
who became famous as “Little Albert.”
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B.F. Skinner A leading behaviorist, Skinner rejected introspection and studied how
consequences shape behavior
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Charles Darwin: Darwin argued that6 natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies
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The biggest and most persistent is the nature-nurture issue—the controversy over the
relative contributions of biology and experience.
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Three Levels of Analysis “The Biopsychosocial Approach”:
Biological Influences-natural selection of adoptive traits; genetic predispositions
responding to environment; brain mechanisms; hormonal influences
Psychological influences-learned fears and other learned experiences; emotional
responses; cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations
Social—Cultural influences-presence of others; cultural, social and family expatiations;
peer and other group influences; compelling models (such as in the media)
All influences relate to the
behavior
or
mental
process
•
The sub-fields of psychology:
Counseling psychology-a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in
living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.
Clinical psychology- a branch of psychology that studies, asses, and treats people with
psychological disorders.
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Psychiatry-a branch of medicine dealing with psychology disorders; practiced by
physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as
psychological therapy
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Counseling psychologist help people to cope with challenges and crisis (including
academic, vocational, and martial issues) and to improve their personal and social
functioning.
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Clinical psychologists assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavior disorders
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Psychiatrists also provide psychotherapy; are medical doctors
licensed to prescribe drugs
and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders
Module 2: Thinking Critically in Psychological Science
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Hindsight Blindness: the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would
have foreseen it. (Also known as the
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