ven2lec4_(phyll&industry) - VEN 2 Phylloxera and...

VEN 2
Phylloxera and the
World Grape
Industries

Phylloxera
•
Scientific name: Daktulosphaira vitifoliae FITCH
•
A Homopteran type of insect (aphids, scale, and
white flies).
•
Co-evolved in Eastern North America with native
Vitis species
•
The insect has both below ground and aerial
portions to its life-cycle
•
Rarely see the above-ground type of Phylloxera
in California
•
The below ground insect can kill grapevines
( Vitis vinifera L. cultivars)

Phylloxera
•
The ‘radicicole’ is the below-ground insect
with its distinct life cycle
•
The ‘gallicole’ is the above-ground insect
and with its distinct life-cycle. This portion
forms galls on leaves of American Vitis
spp., but not on V. vinifera in California.
•
Recently, leaf galls (from Phylloxera) have
been found on grape rootstocks growing
at several nurseries in California.

A drawing of Phylloxera from the 1870’s
A drawing of Phylloxera from the 1870’s

Grape phylloxera,
Grape phylloxera,
Daktulosphaira
Daktulosphaira
vitifoliae,
vitifoliae,
adult female, eggs,
adult female, eggs,
and nymphs
and nymphs
Photo by Jack Kelly Clark

A.
Phylloxera
Biology

Leaf Galls

Life cycle of phylloxera in California
Life cycle of phylloxera in California

10 generations
3 generations
5 generations

Root heavily infested with grape Phylloxera
Root heavily infested with grape Phylloxera
Photo by Jack Kelly Clark

Movement

Damage to Grapevines
•
Roots of susceptible vines become
distorted by nodosities and tuberosities
•
The regeneration of new roots is inhibited
•
Water and mineral nutrient uptake
becomes impaired.
•
Necrotic spots (which are the result of
secondary fungal infections) develop at
feeding sites. These infections can kill
large portions of the root system.

Root cross
sections
Tuberosity
necrosis
Parenchyma
necrosis
Last year’s
necrosis
Gall

Mature roots
+ phylloxera
Tuberosities
Fungal necrosis
Above ground
damage
Presumptions

Phylloxera probably infested one vine in the center portion of
Phylloxera probably infested one vine in the center portion of
the dead or dying vines and then spread from vine to vine.
the dead or dying vines and then spread from vine to vine.

History of Grape Phylloxera
•
Native range was eastern North America and
some portions of northern South America. This
is one of the reasons Vitis vinifera cultivars
failed in Colonial America.
•
It was introduced into Europe on specimens
imported to museums in 1863. By 1900, 75% of
vineyards in France were destroyed.
•
It spread rapidly throughout France and then to
other locations in Europe and N. Africa.
•
Spread to California in 1870 – 1873 (remember
CA History).

V. girdiana
V. californica
V. riparia
M. rotundifolia
V. rufomentosa
V. aestivalis
V. labrusca
V. cinerea
V. solonis
V. berlandieri and monticola
V. champinii V. candicans
V. rupestris
American Vitis species: geographical range and distribution

V. vinifera
V. vinifera
New
host
V. vulpina
V. aestivalis
US Southeast
V. riparia US Northeast
Original
host
Phylloxera
origin
?