memory - Myers PSYCHOLOGY Memory Thinking,andLanguage Overjustification alreadylikestodo Thereward, motivation,comestobeseenasthe Observational Learning

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Memory Thinking, and Language

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Overjustification ❚ Promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do ❚ The reward, rather than the intrinsic motivation, comes to be seen as the motivation to do the task

Observational Learning ❚ Learning by observing others ❚ Most of human learning may be observational

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Memory ❚ Memory ❙ persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information ❚ Flashbulb Memory ❙ a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Memory ❚ Memory as Information Processing ❙ similar to a computer ❘ write to file ❘ save to disk ❘ read from disk

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Memory ❚ Encoding ❙ the processing of information into the memory system ❚ Storage ❙ the retention of encoded information over time ❚ Retrieval ❙ process of getting information out of memory

Encoding- Getting Information In Encoding Effortful Automatic

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Encoding ❚ Automatic Processing ❙ unconscious encoding of incidental information ❘ space ❘ time ❘ frequency ❙ well-learned information ❘ word meanings ❙ we can learn automatic processing ❘ reading backwards

Encoding ❚ Effortful Processing ❙ requires attention and conscious effort ❚ Rehearsal ❙ conscious repetition of information ❘ to maintain it in consciousness ❘ to encode it for storage

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Encoding-Serial Position Effect 12 Percentage of words recalled 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Position of word in list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

What Do We Encode? ❚ Semantic Encoding ❙ encoding of meaning ❙ including meaning of words ❚ Acoustic Encoding ❙ encoding of sound ❙ especially sound of words ❚ Visual Encoding ❙ encoding of picture images

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Encoding

Encoding ❚ Imagery ❙ mental pictures ❙ a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding ❚ Mnemonics ❙ memory aids ❙ especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

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Encoding ❚ Chunking ❙ organizing items into familiar, manageable units ❘ like horizontal organization- 1776149218121941 ❙ often occurs automatically ❙ use of acronyms ❘ HOMES- H uron, O ntario, M ichigan, E rie, S uperior ❘ ARITHMETIC- A R at I n T om’s H ouse M ight E at T om’s I ce C ream