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memory - Myers PSYCHOLOGY Memory Thinking,andLanguage...

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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Memory Thinking, and Language
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Overjustification ❚ Promising a reward for doing what one  already likes to do ❚ The reward, rather than the intrinsic  motivation, comes to be seen as the  motivation to do the task
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Observational Learning ❚ Learning by observing others ❚ Most of human learning may be  observational
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Memory ❚ Memory ❙ persistence of learning over time  via the storage and retrieval of  information ❚ Flashbulb Memory ❙ a clear memory of an  emotionally significant moment  or event
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Memory ❚ Memory as Information Processing ❙ similar to a computer   ❘ write to file ❘ save to disk ❘ read from disk
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Memory ❚ Encoding ❙ the processing of information into the memory  system   ❚ Storage ❙ the retention of encoded information over  time ❚ Retrieval ❙ process of getting information out of  memory
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Encoding- Getting Information In Encoding Effortful Automatic
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Encoding ❚ Automatic Processing ❙ unconscious encoding of incidental  information ❘ space ❘ time ❘ frequency ❙ well-learned information ❘ word meanings ❙ we can learn automatic processing ❘ reading backwards
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Encoding ❚ Effortful Processing ❙ requires attention and conscious  effort ❚ Rehearsal ❙ conscious repetition of information ❘ to maintain it in consciousness  ❘ to encode it for storage
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Encoding-Serial Position Effect 12 Percentage of words recalled 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Position of word in list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
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What Do We Encode? ❚ Semantic Encoding ❙ encoding of meaning ❙ including meaning of words ❚ Acoustic Encoding ❙ encoding of sound ❙ especially sound of words ❚ Visual Encoding ❙ encoding of picture images
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Encoding
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Encoding ❚ Imagery ❙ mental pictures ❙ a powerful aid to effortful processing,  especially when combined with semantic  encoding ❚ Mnemonics ❙ memory aids ❙ especially those techniques that use vivid  imagery and organizational devices
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Encoding ❚ Chunking ❙ organizing items into familiar, manageable units ❘ like horizontal organization- 1776149218121941 ❙ often occurs automatically ❙ use of acronyms ❘ HOMES-  H uron,  O ntario,  M ichigan,  E rie,  S uperior ❘ ARITHMETIC-  A    R at  I n  T om’s  H ouse  M ight  E at  T om’s  I ce  C ream
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Encoding- Chunking ❚ Organized information is more easily recalled
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Storage- Retaining Information ❚ Sensory Memory ❙ the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in 
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