Final study questions. .docx - Chapter 24 Digestive System:...

Chapter 24 Digestive System:
Saliva - 99.5% water, 0.5% solutes (Ions and Buffers) , and digestive enzymes (Carbs: Salivary Amylase; Lipids:
Lingual Lipase) Comes from salivary glands. DOES NOT DIGEST PROTEINS.
Pancreatic islets Part of pancreas with endocrine functions, secreting glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and
pancreatic polypeptide
Types of cell types in the pancreatic islet
Alpha- secretes glucagon
Beta- secretes insulin
Delta-secretes somatostatin
F cells- secrete polypeptide
Alpha cells of Langerhans in pancreas Which digestive cells/organ/gland secretes glucagon?
Insulin Which hormone dominates during the absorptive state of digestion?
Functions of the liver
Bile production
carbohydrate metabolism
lipid metabolism
protein metabolism
processing of drugs and hormones
excretion of bilirubin
synthesis of bile salts
storage of vitamins and minerals
Phagocytosis
activation of vitamin D
Liver Which of the following digestive accessory organ produces a fluid that functions to emulsify dietary fats? Histology of the small intestine
- Submucosa, mucosa, muscularis, and serosa main layers
- with absorptive cells, goblet cells, enter endocrine cells, and paneth cells.
- with plicae circularis, villi, and microvilli
-with duodenal glands- these secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize the gastric juice in the chyme
-with lacteals in the villi which are lymphatic capillaries to absorb large fats
Absorption Which of the following is the primary function of the microvilli of the small intestine?
Duodenum The exocrine component of the pancreas (releases enzymes via the pancreatic duct directly into the
Chapter 25 Metabolism:
4 reactions in cellular respirations
1. glycolysis: one glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules
2.Formation of acetyl CoA: prepares pyruvic acid for the krebs cycle
3. Krebs cycle: oxidizing acetyl CoA into CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH
4. Electron transport chain
Electron transport chain These reactions oxidize NADH and FADH, and transfer their electrons through a series of
electron carriers.
Inner mitochondrial membrane The metabolic reactions of the electron transport chain are restricted to the
Aerobic respirations. When oxygen is present, all 4 normal reactions occur
Anaerobic respirations. When oxygen is not present, pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid
Metabolism during the absorptive state
Ingested food reaches the bloodstream mainly as glucose, amino acids, and triglycerides (chylomicrons.
Catabolism of glucose: most cells of the body produce the majority of ATP by catabolizing glucose via cellular
respiration
Catabolism of amino acids: amino acids enter hepatocytes where they are determined as keto acids.
Protein synthesis: many amino acids enter body cells for synthesis of proteins
Catabolism of few dietary lipids: most are stored in adipose tissue, few are catabolized for energy
When nutrients are in excess, they are stored.

Glycogenesis: some of the bodies excess glucose may be taken up by the liver and skeletal muscle and then