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Unformatted text preview: ‘ 74v 4 Ti Cé M 7": L. OR&IE 435 Final Exam Fall ’04
2 1/2, hours. Game Theory
3 sheets of reminders There are five questions, on both sides of the paper. Give brief justifications for your
answers. ' 1. (20 points: 4, 2, 4, 3, 2, 2, 3)
Consider the following 2—person game. First, player I chooses L or R, and announces
his choice to player 11. Then player II chooses l or r. If I chooses L and II chooses l,
the outcome is (W1, 732); if L and 7‘, (£1,£2); if R and l, (£1,£2), and if R and r,
(D1,W2). Here W1 >1 D1 >1 £1 and W2 >2 D2 >2 £2. (a) What is the extensive form of the game? Be sure to mark all edges, outcomes,
and information sets. (b) How many pure strategies does I have? What are the four pure strategies of II?
(c) What is the strategic form of this game? (d) Find all pure-strategy Nash equilibria in the game from (0). Which of these are
subgame—perfect? ' (6) Now suppose player 11 is deaf and cannot hear player I announce his move, and I ,
knows that II is deaf. How does this change your answer to (a)? What property
of the game in (a) is lost in this variation? ~ ' 2(f) How many strategies does II have now? What is the new strategic form of the
l game? I
(g) Explain briefly why it might be important in the game in (e) and (f) to assume
I that the players’ preferences satisfy the axioms of von Neumann and Morgen-
stern. 2. (25 points: 5,6,3,5,6) (a) Consider the following 3-person cooperative game. Player 1 has one cup of black
tea and one cup of black coffee. His preferred beverage is teagwith milk; he
doesn’t like coffee, but he will drink black tea if necessary. He is indifferent
between a cup of back tea for sure and a 50-50 chance between a Cup of tea
with milk and nothing. Player 2 has some sugar. She likes coffee with sugar,
but nothing else. Player 3 has some milk, but he only likes black coffee. Each 1
player assigns a utility of 1 to his or her preferred beverage, and O to having no
beverage or an undesired beverage. Suppose utility is transferable. Calculate
the characteristic function of this garne, where 12(3) is the total utility coalition
S can achieve by sharing its resources. ’ i (b) Consider the n-person cooperative game (N, v) where N = {1,2, 3} and «2(1) '= 1/2, 11(2) = 0, 11(3) = 0, .
“({2: = 0a “({173}) = 2: “({1,2}) = 3/23 (1)
“({1,2,3}) = 2- i. Is this game essential?
ii. Is it constant-sum?
iii. What is the (O,1)-normalized game strategically equivalent to (N, v)? (c) Draw the set of imputations for the game in (b). (For slightly less credit, yo
can use the (GD-normalized game in (b(iii)).) ; n (d) Find the core for the game in (For slightly less credit, you can use the
(0-1)-norma.lized game in (b(iii)).) (e) Formulate a linear programming problem whose solution would give a point in
the core of the game in (b) if there is one. Do Lot solve. 3. (10 points: 4,6) (a) In the 2—person 0—sum game II find all security strategies for player I. (b) Use complementary slackness to find all Security strategies for player II. 4. (30 points: 4,4,6,6,4,6) Consider the bimatrix game (A, B) Where 3 2 0 —-2 0 2
A: 2 0 —1 , B: 6 5 2
2 0 2 1 4 ——2 Parts (a)-(e) show how to compute a Nash equilibrium for this game without using
pivoting or drawing response curves. (3.) Find an i such that pi : 0 in any Nash equilibrium (11(7). Then find a j be that
(jj = O in any such ", (j). (b) Now consider the smaller bimatrix game (21,1?) with A ’20 a__ 0 2
A“[o 2], 3"(4 —2]' By considering the best response of each player to each pure strategy of the
other, show that there are no Nash equilibria (g6, (j) with either 13 or (2 (or both) .
a pure strategy. h . A (c) You now know thatfievery Nash equilibrium (13,97) fqr (AB) has 131 0 add
152 > 0. Argue that Alcj = Agé. (Ai is the ith row of A.) Hence compute q. | (d) Similarly compute 13. (e) Show that (p = (3/4,O,1/4)T;(j == (0,1/2,1/2)T) is a Nash equilibrium for the
original game (A, B). _ (f) Now suppose you are going to compute a Nash equilibrium for (A, B) using the
complementary pivoting algorithm. Write down the linear Systems of equations
and inequalities so that any nontrivial complementary solution yields a Nash
equilibrium. Suppose you choose mm = 0 as the complementarity condition to
relax. Which variable enters the basis and which leaves at the first iteration
of the complementary pivoting algorithm? Do not perform the pivot! Which
variable enters and which leaves at the second iteration? Again, do not perform
the pivot. ' ' 5. (15 points: 6, 5, 4) (a) State what is meant by two Nash equilibria of a bimatrix game being equivalent.
Answer the same question for interchangeable. For what games are all Nash
equilibria equivalent and interchangeable? (b) Give a game where, in every Nash equilibrium, player 11 uses a pure strategr
and player I a mixed strategy with positive probabilities on each of his pure
strategies. (Hint: you don’t have to start from scratch to find the game.) (c) For the bargaining problem with cooperative payoff region
X = {(331,932)T : 931 + 332 S 6} and disagreement point d = (2, 2)T, someone sug-
gests the solution :7: = (4, 2)T. Which of the axioms defining the Nash bargaining
solution is violated by this solution? ...
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- '08
- SHMOYS
- Game Theory, Nash
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