Ch3 - THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
Organic compounds
Hydrocarbons
Functional groups
Macromolecules
Condensation-dehydration-synthesis
Hydrolysis-hydration-degradation
Types
Carbohydrates -saccharides: mono-, di-, poly-
Lipids - glycerides, phopholipids
Proteins - polypeptides
Nucleic acids - polynucleotides
All organisms have similar organic compounds made of
covalently linked C "backbones".
Carbon
Atomic # 6 (protons)
∴
6Electrons - 2 in K shell, 4 in L shell
(valence electrons)
∴
It can complete the shell by sharing
4
electrons in covalent
bonds
(shared pairs of electrons).
See
single, double, triple bonds also branched, un-branched, rings.
C
backbone with only
H
attached to it is
hydrocarbon,
neutral, nonpolar, hydrophobic (water fearing)
∴
these molecules do
not interact readily with other compounds
unless functional groups are added
Functional groups
added to hydrocarbons determine their properties and make molecules more
hydrophilic
hydroxyl
O-H
phosphate
PO
4
carbonyl
C=O
sulfhydryl
SH
carboxyl
COOH
methyl
CH
3
amino
NH
2
Large organic molecules
are called
macromolecules
or polymers, made from smaller units called monomers linked
chemically by the loss of water called
condensation or
dehydration synthesis.
monomers
→
condensation/dehydration synthesis
→
polymers
HO-
-OH
+
HO-
-OH
HO-
-OH
+
HOH (
water out)
Polymers are broken into monomers by the addition of water called
hydrolysis (water-break) or hydration.
polymers
→
hydrolysis/hydration
→
monomers
HO-
-OH
+
HOH (
water in)
HO-
-
-OH
+
HO-
-OH
CARBOHYDRATES
(carbon water)
Usually contain
C H O in a 1:2:1 ratio
The basic formula is
CH
2
O
really H-C-OH
,
one C has
O (carbonyl)
, other Cs have an
OH (hydroxyl)
and
H
.
The
carbonyl & hydroxyl
are -
polar
-
hydrophilic (water loving).
Simple sugars are the monomers.
(
gly
coside link)
monosaccharides
- one simple sugar
Grouped according to
# of Cs
they have and names end in -
ose.
tri
-
= 3 C
pent
-
= 5 C
ribose, deoxyribose
hex
-
= 6
C
glucose, fructose, galactose
3 important hexose
isomers
(different orientation of the same groups) usually form rings in solution
glucose
-
blood sugar
glucose chain
-C=O
glucose ring
o
fructose
-
fruit sugar
-C-OH
galactose
HO-C
disaccharide
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- Spring '11
- McDearman
- Biology, DNA, Proteins, Van der Waals, amino acid chains
-
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