genetics outline normal part 2 - d Nondisjunction –...

a. Substitution- (example) GC is substituted for with AT
i. Transition
ii. Transversion
b. Deletion – block of DNA is removed
c. Insertion- block of DNA is inserted
d. Inversion- Section of DNA is inverted 180 degrees
e. Reciprocal translocation- 2 chromosomes split and switch halfs
2. Frameshift Mutations
a. Deletion of addition of nucleotides causes the reading frame of a DNA strand to shift
such that nucleotides downstream are changed by mutation (DNA read in sets of 3)
3. Point Mutations- Substitution of one allele [temp. sens? For missense]
a. Missense- type of substitution that causes impairment or alteration of protein
function
b. Silent – type of substitution that is a polymorph
c. Nonsense – type of substitution that causes truncation(formation of a stop codon)
4. More on mutations
a. mutation rates vary for genes and organisms
b. DNA polymerase, mismatch repair, and nucleotide excision prevent mutation
c. EMS(Ethylmethan Sulfonate) and UV light inhibit mutation