Application Exercise 3a
Galena Williams
Psychology of teaching and learning
Spring 2011
1.
According to the cognitive view, knowledge is learned and changes in knowledge make
changes in behavior possible.
According to behaviorism new behaviors are learned.
Both believe that reinforcement is important for learning (albeit for different reasons!) That it can
focus attention, encourage reproduction, practice, and maintain new learning.
Differences
Behaviorists’ research goals aptly a few generalized laws of learning that pertain to all higher
organisms.
Cognitive theorists perceive reinforcement as a source of information about what is likely to
happen if behaviors are repeated or changed.
Cognitive theorists Behaviorist think reinforcement strengthens responses.
study many different learning situations focusing on individual and developmental differences.
2. With sensory memory things are only remember for a short time and in teaching a pre-algebra class
they don’t have knowledge to pull from to even help solve the problems. Indirect Instruction helps the
student start with just the problem and go from there but there must be a foundation in place first
beforehand.
2 continued….3. The problem should be solved before them with some verbal instructions and then
erased and a new problem started with their input and interaction. This combines Direct Instruction with
Indirect Instruction and allows them to complement one another for better overall student learning. It
encourages problem solving and the role of the teacher shifts from lecturer/director to that of facilitator,
supporter, and resource person.
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4. Short-term memory consists of both
content
and
work space
. The content is the information which we
can immediately recall (current awareness or consciousness). The contents of short-term memory can be
worked on or processed in the work space. Just as the carpenter has limited space on his workbench, we
all must do our mental work with a limited short-term memory capacity. Short-term memory is not limited
to individual digits or letters. Individual items of information can be grouped into
chunks
, which combine
separate items. The information in the short-term memory will be lost in about twenty to thirty seconds,
unless it is processed further. If there were no actions present to move the information into a more
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- Spring '11
- Linton
- Psychology
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