Lecture Exam 3.docx - Respiratory System Two parts o...

Respiratory System
 Two parts
o Conduction portion: conducts air from the environment to the lungs; moistens, warms,
and filters the air
 Nose, trachea, bronchi, pharynx, sinuses, larynx, turbinates)
 Asthma, bronchitis
o Respiratory portion: exchange of air between the lungs and blood
 Lungs and alveoli
 Emphysema
o Functions:
 Gas exchange
 Pumping fluids – blood, lymph, CSF
 Maintenance of pH – regulating CO
2
 Excretion – toxic substances
 Components
o Nares (nostrils), vestibule, nasal cavity, nasal conchae (filtration system), fibrise (hairs
in the nostrils), pharynx (throat: naso, oro, laryngo), larynx (air), esophagus (food),
tracheal cartilage, epiglottis, carina (cough reflex),
 Types of Respiration
o Pulmonary ventilation: gases between lungs and environment
o External respiration: gases between lungs and blood
o Internal respiration: gases between blood and cells
o Cellular respiration: when the cell makes energy
 Structures of the nose
 The Sinuses
o Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary
o Functions
 Cleanse/ moisten air
 Resonate chambers for sound
 Volume reserve
o Sinusitis: inflamed sinuses
 **orifice of the auditory (Eustachian) tube is in the nasopharynx
 The Pharynx
o Allows for drainage of structures of the skull, pressure equalization in the skull, speech
o Nasopharynx:
o Oropharynx:
o Laryngopharynx:
 The Larynx
o Glottis is the opening surrounded by the larynx
o False vocal cords: support true vocal cords, prevents foreign objects from entering
glottis
o True vocal cords:
o Laryngitis: bacterial, viral, overuse, irritant

o Cancer of the throat
 Anatomy and Physiology of Speech
o Forceful muscle contractions = higher pitch
o Less forceful contractions = lower pitch
o Hormones, shape and sinuses, skill, and nose all contribute to voice sounds
 Anatomy of the Ear
 The Trachea
o Cartilage rings are C shaped with trachealis muscle posterior
o ANS will control muscle to alter diameter of trachea
 The Bronchi
o Right and left primary bronchi
 If someone has aspirated, you should look at the right side because it’s shorter,
wider, and more vertically oriented
o Carina: cough reflex
o Arborization = bronchi  secondary bronchi  tertiary bronchi  bronchioles 
terminal bronchioles  alveoli
o Alveoli: gas exchange between the blood and the environment
 Three cell types
 Type I Septal Cell: makes up the sack itself; involved with gas exchange bet
 Type II Septal Cell: produces surfactant which decreases surface tension of water
and fluids in the lungs, prevents collapse ( atelectasis )
