systemic - Systemic disease and the eye the Deric De Wit...

Unformatted text preview: Systemic disease and the eye the Deric De Wit Aldrin Khan Professor Lightman Common systemic diseases affecting the eye affecting Infectious Toxoplasmosis Toxocariasis TB Syphilis Leprosy HIV CMV Non-infectious Endocrine – diabetes, Endocrine diabetes, thyroid thyroid Connective tissue Connective disease – RA/SLE/Wegeners/PAN/ Systemic sclerosis Vasculitides (GCA) Sarcoidosis Behcet’s Disease Vogt Koyanagi Harada Vogt Koyanagi Harada syndrome syndrome Phakomatoses DIABETIC RETINOPATHY 1. 2. 3. 4. Adverse risk factors Pathogenesis Background diabetic retinopathy Diabetic maculopathies • Focal • Diffuse • Ischaemic 5. Clinically significant macular oedema 6. Preproliferative diabetic retinopathy 7. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy Adverse Risk Factors 1. Long duration of diabetes 2. Poor metabolic control 3. Pregnancy 4. Hypertension 5. Renal disease 6. Other • • • • Obesity Hyperlipidaemia Smoking Anaemia Location of lesions in background diabetic retinopathy Signs of background diabetic retinopathy Microaneurysms usually temporal to fovea Hard exudates frequently arranged in clumps or rings Intraretinal dot and blot haemorrhages Retinal oedema seen as thickening on biomicroscopy Preproliferative diabetic retinopathy Signs • Cotton-wool spots • Venous irregularities • Dark blot haemorrhages • Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA) Treatment - not required but watch for proliferative disease Proliferative diabetic retinopathy • • Affects 5-10% of diabetics IDD at increased risk (60% after 30 years) Neovascularization • • Flat or elevated Severity determined by comparing with area of disc Neovascularization of disc = NVD Neovascularization elsewhere = NVE Laser panretinal photocoagulation • • • Initial treatment is 2000-3000 burns• Area covered by complete PRP Spot size (200-500 µm) depends on contact lens magnification • Gentle intensity burn (0.10-0.05 sec) Follow-up 4 to 8 weeks Retinal Vein Occlusion Retinal Second most common cause of vascular-related visual loss. Risk factors: hypertension, age, blood dyscrasias (OCP,HRT) and vasculitis (Behcets,sarcoidosis,AIDS,SLE) Retinal Artery Occlusion Retinal Risk factors: Carotid artery atherosclerosis (CRAO), carotid emboli (BRAO), vasculitis (GCA,SLE,PAN), coagulopathy. OCULAR EMERGENCY - Immediate referral to ophthalmologist THYROID EYE DISEASE 1. Soft tissue involvement • • • • Periorbital and lid swelling Conjunctival hyperaemia Chemosis Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis 2. Eyelid retraction 3. Proptosis 4. Optic neuropathy 5. Restrictive myopathy Soft tissue involvement Periorbital and lid swelling Chemosis Conjunctival hyperaemia Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis Signs of eyelid retraction Occurs in about 50% • Bilateral lid retraction • No associated proptosis • Bilateral lid retraction • Bilateral proptosis • Unilateral lid retraction • Unilateral proptosis • Lid lag in downgaze Proptosis • Occurs in about 50% • Uninfluenced by treatment of hyperthyroidism Axial and permanent in about 70% May be associated with choroidal folds Treatment options • Systemic steroids • Radiotherapy • Surgical decompression Optic neuropathy • Occurs in about 5% • Early defective colour vision • Usually normal disc appearance Caused by optic nerve compression at orbital apex by enlarged recti Often occurs in absence of significant proptosis Restrictive myopathy • Occurs in about 40% • Due to fibrotic contracture Elevation defect - most common Abduction defect - less common Depression defect - uncommon Adduction defect - rare SARCOIDOSIS SARCOIDOSIS Idiopathic multisystem disorder Characterised by non-caseating caseating granulomata granulomata More common in women 20-50 yrs More common in blacks and Asians ? Related to mycobacteria SARCOIDOSIS SARCOIDOSIS Systemic Involvement Lung lesions – 95% Lung Thoracic lymph nodes Thoracic – 50% Skin lesions – 30% → Skin 30% Eyes – 30% Eyes SARCOIDOSIS SARCOIDOSIS Ocular Involvement Anterior segment Anterior lesions (30%) lesions Conjunctival granuloma Conj Lacrimal gland involvement/dry eye involvement/dry Acute or chronic uveitis → KPs described as ‘mutton fat’ because they becau are large and greasy are SARCOIDOSIS SARCOIDOSIS Ocular Involvement Posterior segment Posterior lesions (20%) lesions Patchy venous sheathing Patchy Cellular infiltrate around vessels vessels Chorioretinal Chorioretinal granulonmas Vasculitis including occlusive causing:occlusive Neovascularisation Neovascularisat Infiltrate in vitreous (vitritis) including cell clumps (snowballs) clumps SARCOIDOSIS SARCOIDOSIS Ocular Involvement Sheathing of the Sheathing retinal veins retinal Fluorescein Fluorescein angiography showing leakage and staining at sites of sheathing at SARCOIDOSIS SARCOIDOSIS Granuloma in Fundus Retinal and preretinal Choroidal Choroidal SARCOIDOSIS SARCOIDOSIS Granuloma in Fundus Optic nerve head Optic granuloma granuloma Normal optic nerve Normal head head SARCOIDOSIS SARCOIDOSIS Systemic Signs Lupus pernio affecting Lupus the nose – a chronic chronic progressive cutaneous sarcoid that most commonly affects face and ears affects SARCOIDOSIS SARCOIDOSIS Systemic signs Facial palsy Salivary gland Salivary enlargement enlargement SARCOIDOSIS SARCOIDOSIS Systemic signs Hilar adenopathy on Hilar chest x-ray chest Lung infiltrate Erythema nodosum Arthritis SARCOIDOSIS SARCOIDOSIS Investigations (1) CXR – to detect CXR to pulmonary signs pulmonary Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy Pulmonary mottling SARCOIDOSIS SARCOIDOSIS Investigations (2) Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme converting (ACE) – elevated in active sarcoidosis Mantoux test – caution in patients who Mantoux caution have had BCG vaccination. Test may be negative negative Lung function tests SARCOIDOSIS SARCOIDOSIS Investigations (3) Gallium scan showing Gallium increased uptake in the lacrimal and parotid glands and pulmonary regions in a patient with active sarcoidosis sarcoidosis SARCOIDOSIS SARCOIDOSIS Treatment Systemic steroids may be necessary in Systemic patients with posterior segment disease where vision is threatened, especially if optic nerve is involved optic PHACOMATOSES 1. Neurofibromatosis • Type I (NF-1) - von Recklinghausen disease • Type II (NF-2) - bilateral acoustic neuromas 2. Tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville disease) 3. von-Hippel-Lindau syndrome 4. Sturge-Weber syndrome Neurofibromatosis type-1 - (NF-1) • • • • Most common phacomatosis Affects 1:4000 individuals Presents in childhood Gene localized to chromosome 17q11 Café-au-lait spots Appear during first year of life Increase in size and number throughout childhood Fibroma molluscum in NF-1 Appear at puberty • Pedunculated, flabby nodules consisting of neurofibromas or schwannomas • Increase in number throughout life • Frequently widely distributed • Plexiform neurofibroma in NF-1 • • Appear during childhood Large and ill-defined • May be associated with overgrowth of overlying skin Skeletal defects in NF-1 • Facial hemiatrophy • • Mild head enlargement - uncommon Other - scoliosis, short stature, thinning of long bones Orbital lesions in NF-1 Optic nerve glioma in about 15% Spheno-orbital encephalocele • Axial CT scan of congenital absence of • Sagittal MRI scan of optic nerve glioma left greater wing of sphenoid bone invading hypothalamus • • Glioma may be unilateral or bilateral Causes pulsating proptosis without bruit Eyelid neurofibromas in NF-1 Nodular May cause mechanical ptosis Plexiform May be associated with glaucoma Intraocular lesions in NF-1 Lisch nodules Congenital ectropion uveae Very common - eventually present Uncommon - may be associated in 95% of cases with glaucoma Choroidal naevi Retinal astrocytomas Common - may be multifocal Rare - identical to those seen in tuberous sclerosis and bilateral Ocular features of NF-2 Very common presenile cataract - Common - combined hamartomas of RPE and retina Tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville disease) • • Autosomal dominant Triad - mental handicap, epilepsy, adenoma sebaceum Adenoma sebaceum • • Around nose and cheeks Appear after age 1 and slowly enlarge Ash leaf spots • • Hypopigmented skin patches In infants best detected using ultraviolet light (Wood’s lamp) Shagreen patches • • Diffuse thickening over lumbar region Present in 40% Systemic hamartomas in tuberous sclerosis Astrocytic cerebral hamartomas Visceral and subungual hamartomas • Slow-growing periventricular tumours • Usually asymptomatic and • May cause hydrocephalus, epilepsy and innocuous • Kidneys (angiomyolipoma), heart mental retardation (rhabdomyoma) Retinal astrocytomas in tuberous scleritis • • Innocuous tumour present in 50% of patients May be multiple and bilateral Early Semitranslucent nodule White plaque Advanced Dense white tumour Mulberry-like tumour Systemic features of v-H-L syndrome Autosomal dominant CNS Haemangioblastoma Visceral tumours MRI of spinal cord tumour • Tumours - renal carcinoma and phaeochromocytoma • Cysts - kidneys, liver, pancreas, epididymis, ovary and lungs Angiogram of cerebellar• Polycythaemia tumour Retinal capillary haemangioma in v-H-L syndrome • • Vision-threatening tumour present in 50% of patients May be multiple and bilateral Early Tiny lesion between Small red nodule arteriole and venuole Advanced Associated dilatation and Round orange-red massortuosity of feeder vessels t Systemic features of Sturge-Weber syndrome Naevus flammeus • • Congenital, does not blanche• with pressure Associated with ipsilateral • glaucoma in 30% of cases Meningeal haemangioma CT scan showing left parietal haemangioma Complications - mental handicap, epilepsy and hemiparesis Ocular features of Sturge-Weber syndrome Glaucoma Buphthalmos in 60% May be associated with episcleral haemangioma Diffuse choroidal haemangioma Normal eye Affected eye Peripheral corneal involvement in rheumatoid arthritis Without inflammation With inflammation • Chronic and asymptomatic • Acute and painful • Circumferential thinning with intact • Circumferential ulceration and epithelium (‘contact lens cornea’) infiltration Treatment - systemic steroids and/or cytotoxic drugs Peripheral corneal involvement in Wegener granulomatosis and polyarteritis nodos Circumferential and central ulceration similar to Mooren ulcer Unlike Mooren ulcer sclera may also become involved Treatment - systemic steroids and cyclophosphamide GIANT CELL ARTERITIS GIANT (Temporal or Cranial Arteritis) Idiopathic vasculitis Same disease spectrum as polymyalgia Same rheumatica rheumatica Mainly women 65-80 years old Medium and large arteries in head & neck Medium involved involved GIANT CELL ARTERITIS GIANT Presentation Headache Scalp tenderness Thickened temporal Thickened arteries arteries Jaw claudication Acute visual loss Weight loss, anorexia, Weight fever, night sweats, malaise & depression malaise GIANT CELL ARTERITIS GIANT Ocular Complications Transient monocular Transient visual loss (amaurosis fugax) fugax) Visual loss due to Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) or Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (AION) (AION) Visual field defects GIANT CELL ARTERITIS GIANT Management ESR if suspected Start high dose steroids immediately to Start prevent stroke or second eye involvement prevent Temporal artery biopsy within a week of Temporal starting steroids starting GIANT CELL ARTERITIS Temporal Artery Biopsy Temporal Arteries have skip Arteries lesions lesions ultrasound/Doppler may ultrasound/Doppler help identify involved areas areas If positive, confirms If diagnosis – helpful in helpful management of future disease disease If negative, doesn’t exclude diagnosis, but need to think about an alternative diagnosis alternative GIANT CELL ARTERITIS GIANT Histopathology Granulomatous cell Granulomatous infiltration infiltration Giant cells Disruption of internal Disruption elastic lamina elastic Proliferation of intima Occlusion of lumen GIANT CELL ARTERITIS GIANT Treatment Intravenous and oral steroids – prolonged Intravenous prolonged course of steroids often necessary course Ocular manifestations of HIV infection HIV Introduction Introduction AIDS is an infectious disease caused by the gradual AIDS decrease in CD4+ T lymphocytes causing causing CD4+ subsequent opportunistic infections and neoplasia. It neoplasia It is a blood borne and sexually transmitted infection caused by the HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) caused Approximately 36 million persons around the world Approximately are infected. Up to 70% of patients infected with HIV will develop some form of ocular involvement, ie: ie direct infection by HIV,opportunistic infections and neoplasia. neoplasia HIV infection progresses though different phases HIV different Ophthalmic Manifestations of HIV Infection Ophthalmic AROUND THE EYE Molluscum Contagiosum Mollus Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Ophthalmicus Kaposi’s Sarcoma Kapos Conjunctival Squamous Conjunctival Cell Carcinoma Trichomegaly Trichomegaly FRONT OF THE EYE Dry Eye Dry Anterior Uveitis Anterior BACK OF THE EYE Retinal Microvasculopathy Microvasculopathy CMV Retinitis CMV Acute Retinal Necrosis Acute Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis Necrosis Toxoplasmosis Retinochoroiditis Retinochoroiditis Syphilis Retinitis Syphilis Candida albicans albicans endophthalmitis NEURO-OPHTHALMIC Molluscum Contagiosum Molluscum Molluscum contagiosum iis a s viral infection of the skin. viral Affects up to 20% of Affects symptomatic HIV infected symptomatic HIV patients. patients. Clinically appears like painless, Clinically small, umbilicated nodules, umbilicated nodules, which produce a waxy discharge when pressured. discharge Treatment consists on excision Treatment of the lesion, curettage or cryotherapy cryotherapy Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Herpes Due to the reactivation of a latent infection by Varicella Due Varicella Zoster Virus in the dorsal root of trigeminal nerve Zoster ganglion. ganglion. It manifests with a maculo-papulo-vesicular rash which It maculo which often is preceded by pain. Usually involves the upper lid and does not cross the midline Treatment consists on oral Aciclovir 800mg 5 times Aciclovir 800mg /day. In immunocompromised patients Aciclovir iis given immunocompromised patients Aciclovir s intravenously for two weeks. Ocular manifestations such as anterior uveitis, are treated with topical steroids and mydriatics. mydriatics Kaposi’s Sarcoma Kaposi Kaposi’s sarcoma is a vascular neoplasm which is almost sarcoma exclusively seen in patients with AIDS. exclusively KS is the commonest anterior segment lesion seen in AIDS; KS anterior seen appears as a violaceous non-tender nodule on the eyelid or on violaceous conjunctiva. conjunctiva. Typically KS involves only the skin but when there is a Typically reduced CD4 count it can progress rapidly to other sites such as the gastrointestinal tract and CNS such Treatment of ocular adnexal KS may be necessary for Treatment adnexal KS cosmesis and to relieve functional difficulties. The mainstay cosmesis and of treatment is radiotherapy. Other options include cryotherapy or chemotherapy. cryotherapy Conjunctival Squamous Cell Carcinoma Conjunctival Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the third most cell common neoplasm associated to HIV infection. This may be due to an interaction between HIV, sunlight and Human Papilloma Virus infection. Papilloma SCC appears as a pink, gelatinous growth, usually in the SCC interpalpebral area. Often an engorged blood vessel interpalpebral blood feeding the tumour is seen. It may extend onto the cornea, but deep invasion and metastasis are rare. The treatment of choice is local excision and cryotherapy cryotherapy but the presence of orbital invasion is an indication of but exenteration exenteration Trichomegaly Trichomegaly Trichomegaly or or hypertrichosis iis an hypertrichosis s exaggerated growth of the eye lashes found in the later stages of the disease disease The cause is not known When symptomatic or for When cosmetic reasons the eyelashes can be trimmed or plucked trimmed Dry Eye Dry Sicca syndrome is syndrome frequent among patients with HIV infection infection Patients complain of Patients burning uncomfortable red eyes. red There are several There causes of dry eye in HIV infection from blepharitis to blepharitis to destruction of the lacrimal glands. lacrimal Treatment is with tear Treatment supplements Anterior Uveitis Anterior HIV related anterior uveitis can uveitis be: be: Direct manifestation of the human immunodeficiency virus infection virus autoimmnune in origin autoimmnune drug induced ie: rifabutin, ie rifabutin secondary to direct toxic effect upon the noneffect pigmented epithelium of the pigmented ciliary body ciliary body Any of the different infections associated with AIDS, ie: ie Herpes Zoster Virus, Herpes Simplex Virus, Rifabutin induced anterior uveitis Rifabutin Retinal microvasculitis microvasculitis Retinal microvasculopathy occurs in more than half of the Retinal microvasculopathy occurs patients with HIV patients It is seen as transient cotton wool spots (CWS), intra-retinal It retinal haemorrhages and microaneurysm, which occurs in 50-70% of microaneurysm 70% patients. It is usually asymptomatic. patients. It has an unclear pathogenesis, but it is thought to be HIV It infection of retinal vascular cells. infection In an otherwise healthy individual the presence of CWS, should In be differentiated from other forms of retinopathy, such as diabetic or hypertensive retinopathy. Serological test for HIV wiill ll diabetic confirm the diagnosis confirm Treatment is based in delaying the progression of the disease Treatment associated with HIV associated Cotton Wool Spots Cotton CMV Retinitis CMV Introduction CMV Retinitis is the commonest intraocular ocular opportunistic infection seen in patients with AIDS seen Antibodies are found in almost 95% of adults, causing a trivial illness in immunocompetent adults, however severe immunosuppression causes immunocompetent adults, immunos causes viral reactivation and tissue invasive disease viral Pathogenesis Reactivation from extraocular sites leads to seeding in other sites such extraocular sites as the retina as Epidemiology The number of newly diagnosed cases of CMVR has decreased since the introduction of the HAART HAART Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy CMV Retinitis CMV Clinical manifestations Patients may complain of minor visual symptoms such as floaters, Patients flashing lights or mild blurred vision, or be totally asymptomatic. flashing It presents with a wide range of clinical appearances. From cotton wool clinic From spots which may look like HIV Retinopathy to confluent areas of full thickness retinal necrosis and vasculitis. CMVR can progress in a vasculitis CMVR “brushfire” pattern from the active edge of an active lesion. The retinal pattern vessels in an affected area show attenuation, becoming ghost vessels vessels sels eventually. eventually. Treatment The treatment of CMVR in patients with AIDS requires the use of specific antiviral agents, ganciclovir, foscarnet or cidovir iin conjunction with gancic foscarnet or cidovir n HAART. HAART. These treatments can be administered orally, intravenously or intravitreally. Systemic treatment has the advantage of treating infection intravitreally Systemic elsewhere in the body as well as the other eye but has the disadvantages of systemic side effects. dis I i li l l hd i h id hi i CMV Retinitis CMV Acute Retinal Necrosis Acute ARN is a confluent peripheral whitening of the retina with ARN marked vitritis and blood vessel closure. Optic neuritis vitritis Optic and retinal detachment are frequent complications. and ARN is usually due to Varicella-Zoster infection, but it can ARN Varicella Zoster also be caused by Herpes Simplex virus or Cytomegalovirus. Cytomegalovirus. Initially described in the immunocompetent, iit has also Initially immunocompetent t been described in the immunosuppressed. immunosuppressed The diagnosis is mainly clinical an...
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