Anthropology Final Outline - Liam Leonard Anthropology...

Liam Leonard
Anthropology Final Outline
Chapter 5:
• Two reasons to study primates
o Reasoning by homology
 Closest living relatives
o Reasoning by analogy
 Natural selection leads to similar organisms in similar
environments
• Primates are diverse
o Use of comparative method – insight about adaptation
• Traits that define a primate
o Opposable toes
o Prehensile hands
o Nails instead of claws
o Hind limb dominated
o Unspecialized olfactory apparatus
o Vision is highly developed
o Small litter – long gestation periods
o Large brains
o 2-1-3
• Primates
o Prosimians (Strepsirhines)
 Nocturnal
 Lemurs, lorises, galagos, tarsiers
o Anthropoids (Haplorhines)
 Diurnal
 Platyrrhini (New World)
• Arboreal, quadrapedal, live in forested areas, round
nostrils, 2-1-3
• Howlers, squirrel monkeys, capuchins, marmosets
 Catarrhini (Old World)
• Cercopithecoidea
o Narrow nostrils (downward facing), 2-1-2
o Colobines, vervet monkeys
• Pongidae/hominoids
o Gibbons and siamangs = brachiators (propel
themselves by arms alone)
o Oranguntans are in Asia
• Primate conservation
o Habitat destruction
 Deforestation

 Wild fire
o Hunting
o Live capture for trade and export

Chapter 6
• Energy requirements
o Basal metabolic rate
o Active metabolism
o Growth rate
o Reproductive effort
• Where primates get food from
o Carbohydrates
 Gum
 Fruit
o Protein
 Insects
 Young leaves
o Vitamins, fats, oils
 Seeds
• Classifications
o Frugivore – fruit (high quality)
 Rounded teeth – long small intestine
o Folivore – leaves (low quality)
 Specialized gut to handle toxins
o Insectivore – insects
 Sharp cusped teeth
o Gummivore – gum
 Stout incisors and claws for clinging
• Generalizations
o Primates must a tow primary food sources, one of protein, and one of
carbohydrates
o Primates usually rely heavily on certain types of foods
o Insectivores < frugivores < foliovores in terms of size
 Smaller animals have larger energy requirements (no storage)
• Activity patterns
o Primates spend their time eating, sleeping, and moving in their home
range
• Defending a home range
o Resource defense
 Limited and clumped resources
 Enough to feed the group
o Mate defense
 Secure access to mates
• Predation
o 1-15% predation every year
o Defenses
 Alarm calls

 Association with members of another species
• Living in a group
o Benefits
 Less vulnerable to predators
• Detection
• Random chance
 Can protect access to food
o Costs
 Increased competition for food and mates
 More vulnerable to disease
 Other various hazards (cannibalism, cuckoldry, infanticide, etc)
• Distribution of females
o Scramble competition
 Resources are distributed evenly across the landscape – can’t
monopolize resources
• Females are not philopatric because there is no need to be
o Contest competition
 Direct confrontations over a limited or monopolized resource
 Competition within ones group
•