Beginning in the 1980s and continuing through today

48) Beginning in the 1980s and continuing through today, young people became
increasingly involved in various
forms of ________ crimes, or crimes committed because of a victim's racial or ethnic
characteristics, or religious
or gender preferences.
49) The ________ of delinquency can be accomplished by effective social programs, or it may
involve efforts to
enhance the personal characteristics that shield young people from negative environmental
influences as they
are growing up.
50) Youth are generally considered ________ when they are able to rely on apparently innate
characteristics to fend
off or recover from life's misfortunes.

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MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.
Match each historical era of societal response to juvenile delinquency with its description.
51) Colonial Period
Answer: C
52) House of Refuge
Answer: E
53) Juvenile Courts
Answer: F
54) Juvenile Rights
Answer: G
55) Reform Agenda
Answer: B
56) Social Control and Juvenile Crime
Answer: D
57) Delinquency and the Growing Fear of
Crime
Answer: H
58) A New Understanding of Juvenile
Behavior Emerges
Answer: A
A) (2010 to present) Increased understanding
of juvenile behavior resulting from studies
in neurobiology and developmental
psychology that recognized significant
differences between the minds of juveniles
and adults.
B) (late 1970s) The major purpose of this plan
was to divert the handling of status
offenses from a criminal to a noncriminal
setting.
C) (1636 - 1823) The family was the primary
means of social control of children;
recalcitrant children then suffered public
whippings, dunking (partial drowning),
and the stocks.
D) (1980s) The major thrusts were to reassess
the soft - line approach to minor offenders
and status offenders and to "get tough" on
serious and violent juvenile crime.
E) (1824 - 1898) Wayward children were
placed in facilities intended to reform
them.
F) (1899 - 1966) Created in Cook County,
Illinois, and used parens patriae as a legal
philosophy, this court handles all illegal
behaviors among juveniles.
G) (1967 - 1975) In several court decisions, the
U.S. Supreme Court granted juveniles due
process rights in the juvenile justice
system.
H) (1990 - 2010) The "get tough" attitude
toward violent juveniles led to a number
of juvenile justice initiatives in the 1990s