Protein synthesis:
structure in the cell that is responsible it the ribosome.
Different between
prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes have
70s ribosomes.
Eukaryotes have
80s ribosomes.
Within
the eukaryotic cells, the mitochondria in the chloroplasts will also have a 70s ribosome.
Structure of prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cell
Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
NAG and NAM:
apart of the bacterial cell wall.
Made of
peptidoglycan.
NAG and NAM are the
disaccharides of the cell wall.
Two simple sugars stuck together.
Form alternating chains.
NAG-NAM-
NAG-NAM-etc.
Can lay chains of NAG and NAM next to each other and connect them
with polypeptides.
Horizontally, the polypeptide is the
cross-bridge, and the
side chain connects them vertically.
NAG and
NAM are a
part of the cell wall whether the bacteria is gram negative or positive.
Gram positive organism:
makes the peptidoglycan out of the same components as the gram negative.
Puts techoic acids in the peptidoglycan to further reinforce.
Two types:
1)will branch throughout the
wall structure and anchor into the lipid membrane.
Are called
lipotechoic acids.
2)only stays in the cell
wall and is called the
wall techoic acid
IS UNIQUE TO THE GRAM POSITIVE CELL.
DRAW THE GRAM NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE CELL
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FSU Microbiology Notes
Gram negative organism:
Cell wall of the gram negative bacteria is included in
the periplasmic space.
Is
much thinner.
The outer membrane is not a part of the cell wall.
Only peptigoglycan is in the cell wall.
OM is going to have all of the same structures of a normal PM.
They
have lipopolysaccharides that are
UNIQUE to the gram negative PM. Comprised of 3 parts:
Lipid A (anchors it to the PM).
Has a polar
head group and 10-12 fatty acid tails (determine how much damage it can cause to the host).
Is an
endotoxin.
Core polysaccharides are attached to lipid A.
The
O polysaccharides (outer) are attached to
the core polysaccharides.
Care about O polysaccharides because it’s the
O antigen.
H antigen is the
flagella.
DRAW THE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE STRUCTURE.
BACTERIAL MOTILITY:
3 structures that bacteria use to get around.
Flagella, pilli, endoflagella (axial filament).
Axial filaments:
is an
internal structure (in the periplasmic space).
Only seen in
spirochetes.
Entire cell rotates due to
axial filament rotation.
So the cell is allowed to bore into materials.
Pilli:
are external.
Flagella:
are
associated with swimming (running)(clockwise) and tumbling (counterclockwise).
Flagella has three
parts:
basal body (anchors flagella into the PM and cell wall of the cell),
hook (curved structure
immediately outside of the cell and provides the propeller motion) and filament that is made
of flagellin
(polymerized protein).
Pillus is associated with
twitching and gliding.
Is a
hollow tube.
Is also used for
transference of DNA through conjugation.
Can happen between a gram negative and gram positive
bacteria.
Light Microscopy:
Immersion oil is used to reduce the number of times the light bends.
LABEL THE PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE AND TELL WHAT THEY’RE FOR.
What is a mordant?
There are two ways it can be used.
What are they?
Recombinant DNA:
DNA from multiple sources.
Bacteria, fungus, plant, etc.
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