Remove from heat allow to cool and soak for 24 hours

the

Stratification
•
Refrigerated Stratification
•
Stratification is accomplished by placing seeds in moist planting medium
in a cold environment (2 weeks to 3 months).
•
Seeds require moisture, cold and oxygen.
•
In general, this period of time allows an undeveloped embryo to mature.

Stratification
•
Outdoor Stratification
•
Seeds are kept outdoors through the winter in lined pits or raised beds.
•
Must be protected from freezing, drying and rodent predation (use wire netting in the
soil).
•
Pits or beds are layered with clean sand, medium with seeds, more clean sand, etc.

FRUITS DEVELOPMENT

Fruit Development
•
Fruit is a mature of ripen ovary formed after fertilization
•
After double fertilization ovary developed into fruit and
ovule form seeds.
•
A fruit may contain one or more seeds.
•
Fruit provide protection for the enclosed seeds.
•
During fruit development, the wall of ovary becomes
pericarp , the thickened wall of fruit.
•
The fruit usually ripens about the same as its seed are
completing their development.
•
Parthenocarpic fruit is the formation without fertilization
ovary and it is seedless.
•
This occurs in plant species that have many ovules in
their ovary such as banana.

Parthenocarpic

From ovary to fruit
•
The ovary of the flower contains the ovules.
•
As fertilized ovules develop into seeds, the ovary wall develops into the fruit.
•
The term “fruit” refers to a mature ovary that contains seeds .

Parts of fruit
The three fruit layers are:
• Exocarp: the outermost layer often
consisting of only the epidermis
• Mesocarp: or middle layer , which varies
in thickness
• Endocarp: which shows considerable
variation from one species to another

Types of fruits
Simple fruit Compound fruit
Aggregate fruit Multiple fruit
Accessory
fruit

Types of ovaries
• Superior Ovary
• Hypogynous Flower
• True Fruit Only
• Half-Superior Ovary
• Perigynous Flower
• True + Accessory Fruit
• Inferior Ovary
• Epigynous Flower
• True + Accessory Fruit

Types of fruits
A.
Simple fruit
•
develops from a single ovary of a single flower ;
•
may be either dry or fleshy when mature
1.
Simple fleshy fruits
a)
Berry
•
entire fruit wall is soft and fleshy at maturity
•
Eg: grapes and tomatoes)
b)
Drupe
•
outer part of fruit wall is soft and fleshy,
•
inner part is hard and stony
•
Eg: coconut and peach
c)
Capsule
•
dry at maturity and splits open along several seams
•
Eg: okra (ladies fingers)

2.
Simple dry fruits
a)
Legume
•
dry at maturity and splits open along two seams
•
Eg: peas, beans
b)
Grain
•
dry at maturity;
•
contains single seed;
•
seed coat is fused to fruit wall
•
Eg: corn, wheat, rice
c)
Nut
•
single-seeded fruit in which the ovary wall and
seed coat remain separate
•
Eg: chestnut, walnut
Types of fruits

Types of fruits
B.