Key concept 72 innovations in communications and

Key Concept 7.2: Innovations in communications and technology contributed to the growth of mass culture, while
significant changes occurred in internal and international migration patterns.
I. Popular culture grew in influence in U.S. society, even as debates increased over the effects of culture on
public values, morals, and American national identity.
A) New forms of mass media, such as radio and cinema,
contributed to the spread of national culture as well as greater
awareness of regional cultures.
B) Migration gave rise to new forms of art and literature that
expressed ethnic and regional identities, such the Harlem
Renaissance movement.
C) official restrictions on freedom of speech grew during World
War I, as increased anxiety about radicalism led to a Red Scare
and attacks on labor activism and immigrant culture.
D) In the 1920s, cultural and political controversies emerged as
Americans debated gender roles, modernism, science, religion,
and issues related to race and immigration.
II. Economic pressures, global events, and political developments caused sharp variations in the numbers,
sources, and experiences of both international and internal migrants.
A) Immigration from Europe reached its peak in the years
before World War I. During and after World War I, nativist
campaigns against some ethnic groups led to the passage of
quotas that restricted immigration, particularly from southern
and eastern Europe, and increased barriers to Asian
immigration.
B) The increased demand for war production and labor during
World War I and World War II and the economic difficulties of
the 1930s led many Americans to migrate to urban centers in
search of economic opportunities.
C) In a Great Migration during and after World War I, African
Americans escaping segregation, racial violence, and limited
economic opportunity in the South moved to the North and
West, where they found new opportunities but still
encountered discrimination.
D) Migration to the United States from Mexico and elsewhere in

the Western Hemisphere increased, in spite of contradictory
government policies toward Mexican immigration.
Key Concept 7.3: Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the United States into a position of international
power while renewing domestic debates over the nation’s proper role in the world.
I. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, new U.S. territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western
Hemisphere and the Pacific accompanied heightened public debates over America’s role in the world.
A) Imperialists cited economic opportunities, racial theories,
competition with European empires, and the perception in
the 1890s that the Western frontier was “closed” to argue
that Americans were destined to expand their culture and
institutions to peoples around the globe.