Only way to answer questions about of behaviour

Only way to answer questions about continuity/discontinuity of behaviour. Practice effects: children
can become test-wise. Cohort effects : developmental changes may be specific to that generation. Refer
to Selective Attrition.
• Longitudinal Evidence on Warmth (Pettit et al., ‘97): Parent warmth associated w protection & survival
• Longitudinal Research (ASS): No Attach Change : 12-16 mos - late adolescents & early adult hood (20s).
If a child is insecurely attached @ age 1, by 21 they are most likely to maintain an insecure attachment
(89% of participants), 7/11 participants who had a secure attachment, maintained it. Good therapy
could have an impact, won’t help entirely cause problems at home. If major change in circumstances,
attachment can change. EX: death of relative could cause change from a secure to a now insecure
attachment (loss of a safe base), neg implications, esp if relative was primary attachment (mom). &
grandparent/any relative moves in who was more emotionally available, creating a secure attachment
• Love: External state, measured through attachment behaviours. Babies: anything they do to maintain
physical proximity; smiling, touching, crawling, clinging, hugging, snuggling (attachment behaviour).
• Low Control High Acceptance (2X2 PS): Permissive : indulgent parents. Very warm with little control.

Kids tend to be a bit more aggressive (never punished). Quite immature, don’t take responsibility. Tend
to struggle with being independent. Externalize failures.
• Low Control Low Acceptance (2X2 PS): Neglecting: Parents aren’t psychologically available. No rules,
no warmth. Parents are quite rejecting, want nothing to do with kids. Insecure attachment. Socio-
developmental issues, feeling insecure.. More likely to be anti-social & impulsive, highest likelihood of
delinquency & aggressiveness. Parents aren’t interested in kids. Neglect is 1 form of child abuse – most
neg outcomes.
• Low Quality Attach: Refer to Internal Working Models
• Low Warmth Families (PS): Higher risk for mental health, higher rate of suicide, opposite high warm
families
• Maintaining Social Order: Refer to Conventional Morality Stage 4.
• Malnutrition - integrity of myelin can be poor, loses signal with neurons, slower communication,
nurture can alter this.
• Marshmallow Test (Effortful Control): Offering kids marshmallow but tell them if they wait, can receive
another 1 later. If child can wait allotted amount of time, ass with high effortful control, predictor for
success in future. Find ways for distraction, children attempting to delay gratification
• Media Effects Research: Random assignment to violent programming/extensive video gaming? Cannot
tell parents to give children something that’ll damage them long term. Use pre-existing groups instead
of random assignment, find correlations (but cannot make causal statements). Concern; understanding
if violent content is bad for children. Hard to study long term, easier to study short term (immediate
impact of media) - difficult. If longitudinal , no random assignment, correlational. If experimental , data