other states‟ internal affairs, upholding aprincipal of non-intervention,unless it suits them to do otherwise (Dunne & Schmidt 2010, p.93).(2)LIBERALISMLiberalism has a complicated connection with notions of citizenship, as it“pulls in twodirections” (Dunne 2010, p.103) due to tensions betweenthe desire for individual freedoms, and the recognition that somegovernance is required to protect these freedoms. Like realism, liberalismis not a homogeneous theory, but Dunne (2010, p.102) has identifiedgeneral elements. These are the beliefs that (a) all citizens are equal andpossess basic human rights;(b)some governance is needed toprotect these rights, but there should be minimal state intervention; (c)individuals have rights to own property and the means of production; and(d) economic systems should be market-driven, rather than regulated.It may seem paradoxical that liberalism, with its focus on the individual,can support notions of global citizenship, however, this belief inindividuals'rightsisthe foundationfor aliberalapproachtoglobal citizenship.
The liberal belief in universal human rights goes back to Locke's argumentthat humanshave “moral rights in virtue of our nature as human beings”(Dower 2003, p.39). In some strands of liberalism, humans are consideredpurely self-serving, but for many liberals,respecting others‟ rights isconsidered the “duty ofa rationally responsible person” and“rights claimsare logistically dependent upon the acknowledgment of obligations torespect them” (Carr 2008, p.24).A liberal education for global citizenship teaches that universal humanrights exist, and encourages students to help protect them. It also suggeststhat the global environment needs conserving to protect individuals' rightsto clean water and air (Huckle 2008, p.8). Another core tenet of liberalismis the conviction that the world can be made more just and peaceful bybecoming more democratic. Dunne (2003, p.102) suggests that “thehistorical project of liberalism isthe domestication of the international,”seeking to “projectvalues of order, liberty, justice and toleration intointernational relations.” This approach prioritizeseducationaboutdemocracy, and on ways that democracy can spread around the globe,either through global civil society, or a strengthening of democracy ininstitutions such as the United Nations.(3)COSMOPOLITARIANISMHistorically, cosmopolitanism has been more of an ethical than politicaltheory, with the concept of world citizenship considered metaphorically(Dower 2003, p.23). Dower (2003, p. xi) defines cosmopolitanism as “anethical theory according to which all human beings belong to one domainand in principle have obligations to each other across thatdomain.”In theWest, cosmopolitanism dates back to Graeco-Roman Stoicism, resurging inpopularity during the Enlightenment before re-emerging in the 20thcentury, both as a global ethic and as an interest in world federalismor increased international governance. Some modern thinkers, such as
Upload your study docs or become a
Course Hero member to access this document
Upload your study docs or become a
Course Hero member to access this document
End of preview. Want to read all 10 pages?
Upload your study docs or become a
Course Hero member to access this document
