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gene for eye color or gene for hair colorPhenotype: what is physically seenoGene + environment = expression of the gene (the characteristic displayed by the organism; what is expressed)oExample: green eyes and brown hairMeiosis: (2N to 1N) egg and sperm each with one cop of each gene (random)oCauses genetic variationoThe process of cell division that proceeds sperm and ova which contain 23 chromosomes eachoExample:Mitosis: DNA duplicates (2N to 2N)oNot a cause of variationoCell division of a zygote celloExample:Crossing over: when chromosomes exchange material among themselvesoOccurs during meiosis7
oHumans average 2 or 3 events per chromosome pairoThe DNA is no longer an exact copy as the parents’ DNAoExample:Dominant gene: only ONE of the two copies of a gene needs to code for the characteristicfor the trait to be expressed in the phenotypeoOnly one had to be present for it to be expressedoThe trait will be expressed if that allele is present in one or both of the two copies of the geneoExample: Huntington’s chorea, brown eyesRecessive gene: the trait is expressed only if it is present in BOTH copies of the geneoTwo have to be present for it to be expressedoExample: PKU, blue eyesIncomplete dominance: expresses the trait some of the timesoNormally this trait functions normally, but under certain circumstances or environments it will function incorrectly.oExample: sickle cell anemiaCo-dominance carrier: both traits are expressed all of the timeoShows both traits givenoExample: AB blood typeSex-linked single gene: differences in single genes found on sex chromosomes (X, Y)oOften X linkedGenes are on X and/or Y--- usually X linkedoExample: Hemophilia (deficiency in blood’s ability to clot)Poly-genetic: controlled or effected by more than one geneoExample: height and weight, IQ, temperament, susceptibility to cancerSingle gene/ gene-linked: differences in single genes- autosomes (all chromosomes except for the sex chromosomes---- 1-22)oExample:Chromosomal Abnormalities: either a chromosome is missing or there is an extra one•Example:trisomy 21/ down syndrome 23,◦ XXY: Klinefelter Syndrome ▪Mall, Tall▪Develop female characteristics @ puberty▪Needs hormone therapy ▪Sterile ▪Normal overall IQ▪may have poor along skills and poor school performance ◦XYY: super male ▪taller than average after adolescence, more sexual development, possible juvenile delinquency ▪Fewer cognitive problems than XXY but 50% often requires speech therapy ◦XO: Turner Syndrome 8