First amendment press clause o a false statement may

First Amendment: Press Clause
o A false statement may be overlooked if done unknowingly and
without malice.
o Prior restraint limits the right of the press.
Fourth Amendment: prohibiting unreasonable search and seizure
o Exclusionary Rule - Evidence gathered in violation of the
Constitution cannot be used in a trial.
o Good-Faith Exception - An error in gathering evidence
sufficiently minor that it may be used in a trial.
o Probable Cause - Reasonable cause for issuing a search
warrant or making an arrest; more than mere suspicion.
o Inevitable Discovery - If the evidence would have been found
out anyways in time, the courts are able to use it in their case.
Fifth Amendment: rights of the accused
o Grand Jury Indictment - criminal procedure clause requires
that a felony offense in a federal court be charged by a grand
jury.
o Double Jeopardy Protections - This prohibits the government
from forcing a person to repeated trials for the same crime.
o Privilege Against Compelled Self Incrimination - The
defendant in a case may chose not to testify.
o Due Process Clause - The government must act in accordance
with legal rules and not oppose them.
o Takings Clause - Public property cannot be taken without
compensation (emanant domain)
Sixth Amendment: rights in a trial

o The right to a quick and speedy trail
o The right to be informed of nature and cause of accusation
o The right to confront and cross-examine the witness
o The right to an attorney
Fourteenth Amendment: Due Process and Incorporation Doctrine
o The Amendment states no state shall “deprive any person of life,
liberty or property without due process of the law” and no state
shall “deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection
of the laws”
o Since the Amendment claimed states could not deny people of
equal protection, the Supreme Court was able to apply
fundamental rights and amendments to the states
o The only Amendments not applied to the states are Three, Five,
Seven, and Eight.
o Due Process - Denies the government the right, without due
process, to deprive people of life, liberty, and property.
o Selective Incorporation Doctrine - The process whereby the
Court has applied most, but not all, parts of the Bill of Rights by
claiming these rights to be “ fundamental ”

Chapter Six: Civil Rights
Civil Rights: definition
o A group that is denied access to facilities, opportunities, or
services available to other groups
o Issue is whether differences in treatment are reasonable
Reasonable: Progressive tax
Unreasonable: Segregation on a bus
Discrimination: African Americans
o De facto segregation- Racial segregation that occurs in
schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of
residential settlements.
This was often found in the North
Many black Americans were pushed to the poor
communities by inequality of opportunities
o De jure segregation- Racial segregation that is established
and required by law
Many southern laws would require business to have two
separate facilities for black and white Americans.