A side that was down b side that was up feedback

A) Side that was down
B) Side that was up
Feedback: Footprints are pushed downward into soft sediment. When more sediment is washed in,
this second layer will fill the print beneath. Later, after the layers have hardened, the rock may be
turned upside-down and then the layers cracked apart (or, the layers cracked apart and then turned
upside-down). If you see a footprint sticking up, you are looking at the side of the second layer that
originally was down. You can tell that this picture shows a track sticking up by the shadows—
ridges or other things that stick up have a light on one side and a shadow on the other, as seen here,
whereas holes or troughs or other things going down have light and shadow on the same side.
According to the United States Geological Survey, the T. rex responsible for this track was
probably moving 6 or 7 miles per hour. A mature T. rex would have been about 60 feet long, two
stories high, and 10,000 pounds or so, quite capable of making a 33-inch-long, 9-inch-deep track
in mud.
Points Earned: 2.0/2
.0
Correct
Answer(s):
A
5.

You are a geologist. While walking in the fog one day, you bang into a cliff. After rubbing your
sore nose, you inspect the cliff, and see what is shown in the picture, in a one-foot-square area. You
recognize that this cliff is made of “fossil sand dunes”, with wind-blown sand that was later glued
together by hard-water deposits. You are accompanied by a student, who is carrying your tea and
crumpets for you. You sketch four arrows on the cliff, label them as shown, and ask the student
which of the arrows was pointing up when the loose sand was deposited. Your student is brilliant,
and correctly tells you the answer. The arrow that was pointing up when the loose sand was
deposited is the arrow that is closest to:
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Feedback: Several small sand dunes are visible in this picture. Originally, the whole picture was
rotated so the D was up and the B down. The first deposit was made by wind blowing from the C
to the A, putting down slightly slanting layers in the lee of a dune; these layers are behind the B
now. Then, the wind eroded away the top of the dune, cutting the layers, and then new sand was
deposited on top of the cut ends of the layers. The cut ends must be up, where the wind could reach
them, which tells you that the D side was originally up.
Points Earned: 2.0/2
.0

Correct
Answer(s):
D
6.
You are still a geologist, still wandering around in a fog with a tea-and-crumpets-toting student,
and you walk into another cliff. This one turns out to be a hardened lava flow. Again, you look at a
one-foot-square region, sketch pink arrows with A, B, C, and D on that region, and ask the student
which of the pink arrows was pointing up just after the lava flow hardened. To help the student,
you draw four additional arrows on the cliff; these are light blue (turquoise) arrows, pointing at
bubbles. (If you are not able to distinguish pink from light blue, the four pink arrows are very close
to the four letters A, B, C, and D, and the four light-blue arrows are not close to the letters.) You
suggest that the student consider the behavior of bubbles in a liquid. These bubbles are within the