Child understands why theyre being ounished how to

 Child understands why theyre being ounished, how to fix what
they did wrong, etc.
 Gender typing and gender identity:
o Gender sterotype beliefs:
 By 2, children label themselves & others in terms of their sec
 Beliefs very rigid in early childhood: 3-4 years
 Gender typing: process of developing gender roles or gender-
linked preferences and behaviors valued by society
 Gender identity: image of one’s self as relatively masculine or
feminine
 Androgomy: high on both masculine and feminine personality
traits: competitive, self-sufficient, affectionate, sensatie
 Females are more so = gender flexibility (more acceptance)
o 3 theories of gender identity:
 social learning: behavior (modeling and reinforcement) –
gender identity
 cognitive development: self perceptions (gender constancy)
guide behavior
 gender constancy: cognitive understanding that sex is
biologically based and perment.
 Gender schema: combines social learning and cognitive-
devlopmental theories
o Gender typing-influence:
 Genetic: evolutionary adaptivness, hormones
 Environmental:
 Social/cultural contect (media, values)
 Family (differential reinforcement and treatment)
o Direct verbal comments and expectations
o Treat and supervise children differently
o Channeling: differential encouragement of toys,
activities, skills, and chores
 Boys: more gender type, fathers more
insistent
 Non-traditional dad (he is primary) =less
strict gender roles

o Modeling, teachers (male v female student
interaction)
o Peers (reinforce behaviors)
Chapters 11& 12: Middle Childhood
 The obesity epidemic:
o Obesity causes more deaths than malnutrition does
 Rates have stablilized in the US since 2000, but 1/5 of children
are overweight & 18% obese
 Prevelance of it for children between 6-11 has gone up more
than 300%
 Obesity affects all
o Causes: overweight parents, (extremes: restrict or too much) low SES,
poor eating habits, low physical activity, fast food and supersizing, tv
(av spends 3-4 hours watching tv, positive correlation btw 2)
 25% of obesity may be attributable to increases in TV viewing
o more overweight if older or poorer
o consequences:
 teasing, lonliness, more likely to be obese as an adult, liver,
gallbladder disorders, sleep, digestive disorders, early death,
feel ugly, depression, em otional issues, reduced life chances
o Mechanisms:
 Tv displaces physical activity
 Increased consumption of food while wathing TV
 Advertising encourages poor food choices (less in Dennmark)
 Reduction in resting metabolism
 Brain Maturation
o Interconnected brain by age 7/8 from increasing maturation
o Reaction time: increasing mylenization reduces reaction time from
birth to around age 16
o Selective attention: ability to concentrate on some stimuli while
ignoring others: improves around age 7 (multitasking)
o Automatization: some skills become routine: reading, writing name