Practical: the ability to use information to get along in life and
become successful; “street smarts”
Cattel-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory
Crystallized Intelligence
o
Represents acquired knowledge and skills
Fluid Intelligence
o
Problem solving and adaptability in unfamiliar situations
Other abilities include visual and auditory processing, memory,
speed of processing, reaction time, quantitative skills and reading-
writing skills
Suggested that CHC theory is most researched, empirically
supported, and comprehensive
Neuroscience Theories
Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory
o
Frontal and Parietal brain areas play the most important
roles with regard to brain area and function
Researchers suggest other areas such as the
posterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex, and
specific subcortical areas also play critical roles
o
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Originally, a number representing a measure of intelligence, resulting from
the division of one’s mental age by one’s chronological age and then
multiplying that quotient by 100
Most tests now use age group comparison norms
Allows testers to compare intelligence levels of people from different age
groups

Wechsler Intelligence Test
Stanford Binet
o
Emotional Intelligence
Awareness of and ability to manage one’s own emotions, as well as the
ability to be self-motivated, to feel what others feel, and to be socially
skilled
Viewed as a powerful influence on success in life
Levels of Language Analysis
o
Language: a system for combining symbols (such as words) so that an unlimited
number of meaningful statements can be made for the purpose of communicating
with others
Grammar
The system of rules governing the structure and use of a language
Phonemes
The basic units of sound in a language
Not letters
Morphemes
The smallest units of meaning within a language
Syntax
The system of rules for combining words and phrases to form
grammatically correct sentences
Semantics
Rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences
Pragmatics
Aspects of language involving the practical ways of
communicating with others, or the social niceties of language
The Relationship Between Language and Thought
o
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis: the theory that thought processes and concepts
are controlled by language
o
Cognitive Universalism: theory that concepts are universal and influence the
development of language
o
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis/Sapir-Worf Hypothesis: the theory that thought
processes and concepts are controlled by language
Chapter 8: Development
Research Designs
o
Longitudinal
One participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of
time
Cohort Effect
Impact on development when a group of people share common
time period or life experience
o
Cross-sectional
Several different age groups of participants are studied at one particular
point in time

o
Cross-sequential
Research design in which participants are first studied by means of a
cross-sectional design but also followed and assessed for a period of no
more than six years
Infant Reflexes and Milestones in Physical Development
o
Infants are born with reflexes that help them survive
Grasping
Moro (startle)
Rooting
Stepping
Sucking
o
Motor Development


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- Fall '13
- Classical Conditioning, linguistic relativity hypothesis