Practical the ability to use information to get along

Practical: the ability to use information to get along in life and
become successful; “street smarts”
 Cattel-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory
 Crystallized Intelligence
o Represents acquired knowledge and skills
 Fluid Intelligence
o Problem solving and adaptability in unfamiliar situations
 Other abilities include visual and auditory processing, memory,
speed of processing, reaction time, quantitative skills and reading-
writing skills
 Suggested that CHC theory is most researched, empirically
supported, and comprehensive
 Neuroscience Theories
 Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory
o Frontal and Parietal brain areas play the most important
roles with regard to brain area and function
 Researchers suggest other areas such as the
posterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex, and
specific subcortical areas also play critical roles
o Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
 Originally, a number representing a measure of intelligence, resulting from
the division of one’s mental age by one’s chronological age and then
multiplying that quotient by 100
 Most tests now use age group comparison norms
 Allows testers to compare intelligence levels of people from different age
groups

 Wechsler Intelligence Test
 Stanford Binet
o Emotional Intelligence
 Awareness of and ability to manage one’s own emotions, as well as the
ability to be self-motivated, to feel what others feel, and to be socially
skilled
 Viewed as a powerful influence on success in life
 Levels of Language Analysis
o Language: a system for combining symbols (such as words) so that an unlimited
number of meaningful statements can be made for the purpose of communicating
with others
 Grammar
 The system of rules governing the structure and use of a language
 Phonemes
 The basic units of sound in a language
 Not letters
 Morphemes
 The smallest units of meaning within a language
 Syntax
 The system of rules for combining words and phrases to form
grammatically correct sentences
 Semantics
 Rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences
 Pragmatics
 Aspects of language involving the practical ways of
communicating with others, or the social niceties of language
 The Relationship Between Language and Thought
o Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis: the theory that thought processes and concepts
are controlled by language
o Cognitive Universalism: theory that concepts are universal and influence the
development of language
o Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis/Sapir-Worf Hypothesis: the theory that thought
processes and concepts are controlled by language
Chapter 8: Development
 Research Designs
o Longitudinal
 One participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of
time
 Cohort Effect
 Impact on development when a group of people share common
time period or life experience
o Cross-sectional
 Several different age groups of participants are studied at one particular
point in time

o Cross-sequential
 Research design in which participants are first studied by means of a
cross-sectional design but also followed and assessed for a period of no
more than six years
 Infant Reflexes and Milestones in Physical Development
o Infants are born with reflexes that help them survive
 Grasping
 Moro (startle)
 Rooting
 Stepping
 Sucking
o Motor Development
