To graph the histogram, click on theInserttab. Under theChartsgroup, you find theColumncharts. Wewill use the 2D Clustered Column to create the histogram. Highlight the counts in the range G2:G13 andclick on the 2D Clustered Column chart. This creates the graph.To modify the figure, click on theDesigntab in theChart Toolsgroup. Under theDatagroup, click onSelect Data. A window appears. Click onEditin the Horizontal (Category) Axis Label. A window for theAxis label range appears. Select the range and enter the range of the midpoints, H2:H13. Click OK.We can now add a title and axes titles, and increase the width of the bars so that they touch (a standardfeature of histograms). We can also remove the “Series 1” label by clicking on it and then hitting theDelete button on the key board. To add a title and axes title, click on theLayouttab in theChart Toolsgroup and click onChart Titlefor the title and onAxis Titlefor the axes titles. To change the width of thebars, double click on any of the bars. A window appears where you can change the gap width: set it toNo Gap and the gaps will disappear. To change the border color of the bars, click onBorder Colorandselect a color that is different from the fill color. To change the color of the bars, click on theFilloption.Close the window. Your histogram should now look like the one in Figure 2.A histogram is a graphical way to show you the location of the data, how much they are spread out,whether the data are skewed, whether there are outliers, and what the shape of the frequencydistribution is. We see that the shape is unimodal, that is, the distribution has only one hump. Thedistribution is not too skewed and the tails are not too heavy. In other words, the distribution looks nearnormal. We find that there is one outlier, namely the maximum value of 210. Without any furtherknowledge, it is difficult to determine whether this value is accurate or a measurement error.BoxplotsBoxplots are very useful in summarizing univariate numerical data. The NIST Engineering StatisticsHandbook introduces boxplots as an “excellent tool for conveying location and variation information indata sets, particularly for detecting and illustrating location and variation changes between differentgroups of data.” ()Excel does not have a built‐in tool to graph boxplots. However, we can use stacked columns and errorbars to build boxplots. We consider the Baseline Cardiac Ejection Fraction as an example. The data are inthe spreadsheet under the “BCEF” tab. Click on the tab. We divide the patients into two groups: in one
