The kidneys also produce hormones for instance renin

 The kidneys also produce hormones for instance renin, observes
standardization of osmolarity, and regulate ions like K+, Na+, and Ca2+.
2. Calcium, sodium, potassium, and chloride are controlled by the nephron.
Describe this method of control.
Answer:
 The method of controlling the substances mentioned earlier is known as
tubular reabsorption.
 The process takes place in the nephron where the solutes and water move
out of the filtrate, and they go back to the bloodstream.
 The method is called reabsorption since the substances were initially
absorbed from the digestive tract after eating.
3. Discuss the mechanism of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and how
this system is affected in the event of trauma or surgery resulting in blood loss.
Answer:
 The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is abbreviated as RAAS.
 It has a vital role in affecting the functioning of heart output and arterial
pressure through vascular resistance and blood volume regulation.
 The renin component in RAAS is chiefly produced by the kidneys, and it
oversees the manufacturing of angiotensin in the tissues and blood.

 Consequently, angiotensin affects the release of aldosterone in the adrenal
cortex.
Group Assignments
1. Draw a diagram of the kidney and label each area.
Answer:
2. Design a flowchart explaining the countercurrent mechanism in the loop of
Henle and the effects of sodium and chloride on this mechanism.
Answer:
Clinical Assignments
3.Select a patient in a clinical setting with congestive heart failure or
hypotension. Describe how the renin angiotensin aldosterone system works to
control fluid balance in this clinical situation.
Answer:

 The RAAS system acts to increase blood pressure through reabsorption of
sodium in the distal nephron and by increasing vasoconstriction.
 The vasoconstriction process is controlled through; promotion of the
release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the sympathetic nerves and
adrenal medulla respectively and working in the nervous system to raise the
sympathetic outflow to blood vessels.
2. Visit a kidney dialysis center to observe dialysis and learn more about renal
failure. interview a dialysis nurse and discuss die clinical manifestations that the
nurse may find in patients with renal failure. What changes in the patient does the
nurse expects to find at the conclusion of the dialysis session? Summarize the
visit.
Answer:
 Clinical manifestation:
 Angina, nausea, edema of ankles and feet, variation in urinary output,
vomiting, weakness, SOB, reduced appetite, hypertension, loss of
appetite, long lasting itching, reduced mental brightness, cramps and
muscle twitch, and problems related to sleep.
 The nurse expects that after the dialysis; the patient would tolerate the
dialysis well, but he/she should be ready for hypotension that is
accompanied by vomiting, nausea, cramps in the abdomen, a feeling of
lightheadedness, or SOB.