Active immunity: resistance that develops due to activation of host’s own immune system○Can occur by artificial or natural means●Passive immunity: temporary protection from an infectious agent provided by an exogenoussource●Innate immunity: non-specific immune response○The defense system we’re born with○Immediate; responds very quickly○1st line of defense: physical barriers and cell secretions■Physical barriers: tightly packed epithelial cells of the skin and lining of GI, GU,and respiratory tract■Mechanical protection: coughing, sneezing, urinating, vomiting, defecation■Cell secretions: mucus, respiration, saliva, tears, earwax (some can havelysozyme or antimicrobial peptides)■Normal flora/microbiome: don’t usually cause disease, inhibit colonization bypathogens○2nd line of defense: inflammatory response■Rapid and non-specific- to any cellular or tissue damage regardless of where ithappened or by what
■Help trigger acquired (adaptive) immune system, by presenting a pathogen tothe cells●Acquired immunity: the immunity your body gains with exposure○Delayed response w/ 1st exposure; faster response w/ subsequent exposures○Provides lifelong protection against certain pathogens○Humoral immunity (B cell lineage):■From the bone marrow, specific to making antibodies against microorganisms■When B cells are activated (from interaction with APC, T-helper cells, andimmunocompetent B-cells) they differentiate○Cell mediated immunity (T cell lineage):■Originate in bone marrow and differentiate in the thymus, T-cell lymphocytesUnderstand basic ABO and Rh factor typing:●ABO:○Type A:■A antigen, has anti-B antibodies, can’t accept B or AB blood types○Type B:■B antigen, has anti-A antibodies, can’t accept A or AB blood types○Type AB:■Universal recipient■A/B antigens, no antibodies, can accept any blood type○Type O:■Universal donor■No antigens, has anti-A/B antibodies, can’t accept A, B, or AB blood types●Rh:○Expressed on erythrocytes (RBC)○Rh positive: express the D antigen on the RhD protein○Rh negative: does not express the D antigen○Ex: A- blood can’t receive A+ bc doesn’t have the D antigen (they are Rh-)Differentiate H1 and H2 receptors and role (if any) in inflammation:●H1 receptors:○Present in bronchi○Causes bronchial muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction) -> narrowing of the airways●H2 receptors:○Present in GI parietal cells○Induces gastric acid secretionPrinciple understanding of cytokines:●Are signaling proteins that can have an effect on cells●Interferons, interleukins, and tumor necrosis factor○Interferons:■Protect against viral infection○Interleukins:■Decrease production of cancer cells and protect against viral infections
■Produced by macrophages and lymphocytes (WBC)■Some are proinflammatory (IL-1 causes fever), some are anti-inflammatory (IL-10 suppresses activation/proliferation of lymphocytes)○Tumor Necrosis Factor:■Can induce chemotaxis (attract WBC to site), induce fever, increase synthesis of
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Term
Winter
Professor
Elizabeth Moxley
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