True 11. The encoding specificity principle predicts that practicing basketball free-throws as they would be shot in an actual game increases the probability of successful free-throw shooting in a game. True 12. The action effect hypothesis suggests optimal performance results from external focus of attention. 13. Which of the following is generally not considered a characteristic of learning? increased strength 14. Why does negative transfer of learning occur? A familiar stimulus requires a new response 15. Which of the following is not classified as a “performance variable”? practice

KIN 315 Fall 2011 2 16. Which of the following characteristics of learning best explains the description of the later stages of learning open skills in Gentile’s model? adaptability 17. The identical elements theory for explaining why transfer occurs… applies to positive transfer. 18. Which term is used in the motor learning research literature when referring to an observed behavior? 19. Which of the following is an essential component of the definition of learning? It results in relatively permanent improvement. 20. Which method of assessing learning is used when people are required to perform a skill one week after they completed practicing that skill? 21. If a person is required to perform a practiced skill in a new situation, which method of assessing learning is being used? 22. Which type of performance curve shows larger increases in performance during early practice trials than in later trials?