Gardner believes that schools should foster all

Gardner believes that schools should foster all different types of intelligence, not just
traditional ling + math intelligences. Teacher needs to understand each student’s best
type of intelligence + instruct in way that engages as many types of intelligence as
possible
Sternberg’s Theory of Successful Intelligence 1999
Skillful use of one’s abilities to achieve personal goals
Analytic Ability : Analyzing problems + generating different solutions
Creative Ability: Dealing adaptively w novel situations + problems
Practical Ability : Knowing what solution/plan will actually work
Summary
Psychometric : Intelligence = hierarchy of general + specific skills
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences : 9 distinct intelligences exist: ling, logical-math, spatial,
musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic + existential
Sternberg’s theory of successful intelligence : Use of analytic, creative + practical abilities to
pursue personal goals
8.2 Measuring Intelligence
Binet + Development of Intelligence Testing
Binet created first intelligence test to identify students who would have difficulty in school.
Terman created Stanford-Binet, which introduced Intelligence quotient (IQ). WISC-IV
provides IQ based on verbal + performance subtests. Infant tests, Bayley Scales,

typically assess mental + motor development. Scores on infants intelligence test do not
predict adults IQ scores but infant habituation predicts childhood IQ + preschool IQ
scores predict adult IQ
Binet + Simon introduced concept of mental age (MA) which referred to difficulty of problems
children could solve correctly. Child who solved problems that average 7 yr could pass
would have MA of 7
Bright child would have MA of older child. Dull child would have MA of younger child
To clarify issue of what test results meant about intellectual ability, Terman described
performances as IQ: ratio of mental age to chronological age (CA) multiplied by 100
(IQ=MA/CA X 100)
Child of perfectly average will have IQ of 100
IQ no longer computed by MA/CA formula instead determined by comparing test performance to
others their age
Expert argued IQ most important predictor of individual's ultimate position wi American society
WISC-IV includes subtest for both verbal + performance skills, as well as perceptual reasoning,
working memory + processing speed
Individual testing optimizes motivation + attention of child + provides opportunity for sensitive
examiner to assess factors that might influence test performance
May notice whether child relaxed/anxious + unable to do best
Psychologists prefer individualized tests of intelligence over group tests + use Bayley Scales of
Infant Development designed for 1-42 mos, doesn’t predict later IQ scores
5 Scales: Cog, lang, motor, soc emotional + adaptive behaviour
Assess infant's control of body, coordination + ability to manipulate objects
Smart babies become smart elementary school students who should become smart adults
Infants test measure diff abilities than tests administered to children + adolescents.