Among the more specific leader subordinate activities

Among the more specific leader-subordinate activities that will be important to consider to
COVID-19 is how assessment and appraisal systems will function. For example, without being
able to directly monitor subordinates in the way that office settings allow, there may be a shift to
result from focused assessment, which prior research shows to be generally effective (Pritchard
et al., 2008). Over longer periods, though, working remotely may reduce the opportunities for
subordinates to gain feedback from leaders and prior research suggests that lack of learning
opportunities is associated with lower organizational commitment and higher risk of turnover
(Vandenberghe et al., 2019). In addition, future research should examine how trust can be built
remotely with online interactions so that newcomers are not disadvantaged due to the lack of
face-to-face interactions with their leaders (Dunbar, 2018).
2.2.9.4 COVID-19 Preventive Protocols
The overarching aim of the Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan for COVID-19 (WHO,
2019) is to control COVID-19 by suppressing transmission of the virus and preventing associated
illness and death. To the best of our understanding, the virus primarily spread through contact
and respiratory droplets. Under normal circumstances, the airborne transmission may occur when
aerosol-generating procedures are conducted in health care settings or potentially, in indoor
crowded poorly ventilated settings elsewhere.
To prevent transmission, World Health Organization (WHO) recommended a comprehensive set
of measures, these include;
25

1. Identifying suspected cases as quickly as possible, test, and isolate all cases (infected people)
in appropriate facilities.
2. Identify and quarantine all close contacts of infected people and test those who develop
symptoms so that they can be isolated if they are infected and require care.
3. Use fabric masks in specific situations, for example, in public places where there is
community transmission and where other prevention measures, such as physical distancing,
are not possible. Also, continuous use of a medical mask by health workers and caregivers
working in all clinical areas, during all routine activities throughout the entire shift.
4. Use of contact and droplet precautions by health workers caring for suspected and confirmed
COVID-19 patients, and use of airborne precautions when aerosol-generating procedures are
performed.
5. At all times, practice frequent hand hygiene, physical distancing from others when possible,
and respiratory etiquette; avoid crowded places, close-contact settings and confined and
enclosed spaces with poor ventilation; wear fabric masks when in closed, overcrowded
spaces to protect others; and ensure good environmental ventilation in all closed settings and
appropriate environmental cleaning and disinfection.