165)Blood flowing through a vessel is subject to the same physical limitations as fluid flowing through a tube.Describe the physical properties of blood flow and blood pressure.166)At this point, a number of equations in the text have expanded upon cardiac output=heart rate×strokevolume. These include equations for calculating blood flow, cardiac output (using variables other than thoseabove), mean arterial pressure, and organ blood flow. Provide the equations for the above variables and brieflydiscuss their relevance.167)While the basic constituents of blood vessels are similar across all vessel types, the proportion of eachconstituent is quite different. Describe the structure of each class of blood vessel, including the functionalsignificance of that structure.168)The smaller blood vessels, which include arterioles, capillaries, and venules, have unique functions. Identify thefunctions of each of the smaller blood vessels.169)The regulation of mean arterial pressure involves the interaction between extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms.While the intrinsic mechanisms can affect mean arterial pressure, they also play an important role in thedistribution of cardiac output to individual organs. Discuss the role of the intrinsic mechanisms in the control oforgan resistance.170)The processes of filtration and absorption across the endothelial cells of capillaries is driven by Starling'sforces. List the components of Starling's forces and describe how those forces determine the absorption ofwater across capillaries, including a discussion of how those forces are altered by standing and tissue injury.171)Mean arterial pressure is regulated by a negative feedback system that involves the central nervous system.Discuss the afferent limb, the efferent limb, and the integrator of the baroreceptor reflex.172)The baroreceptors are responsible for detecting and responding to changes in mean arterial pressure. Followthe short-term and long-term responses of the baroreceptor reflex to an acute and chronic increase in meanarterial pressure.173)As mean arterial pressure changes, both short-and long-term changes are initiated that can interact with oneanother. Describe how a chronic hypotensive state could become life threatening.
