Men were significantly more likely to consider activities where they do not

• Men were significantly more likely to consider activities where they do not reach orgasm as “abstinent activities”. Barnett MD, Fleck LK, Marsden III AD, Martin KJ. Sexual semantics: The meanings of sex, virginity, and abstinence for university students. Personality and Individual 41 Differences. 2017 Feb 1;106:203-8.

Male Genitals: External Genitals • Male external organs consist of: • The penis • The scrotum with testes inside 42

The Penis • Functions include: • Sexual pleasure • Urination • Reproduction • Smooth muscles make up the penis • There is no bone, only three cylindrical spongy bodies • Corpora cavernosa = two cylinders covered with a fibrous sleeve that pulls tight when filled with blood and stiffens the penis • Corpus spongiosum = a cylinder that remains soft and spongy during an erection 43

Circumcision • A surgical procedure that removes the foreskin from the penis • Often done for religious reasons (Judaism, Islam) o Also done for aesthetic reasons o Also done for health reasons especially in hyperendemic places where there is a lot of HIV. • Globally about 30 per cent of men are circumcised

Circumcision, cont’d • Pros • Decrease in infant urinary tract infections • Decrease in some STIs, such as HIV and genital warts • Decrease in adult penile cancer o There have been some disputes • Prevents or corrects phimosis • Cons • Procedure entails risks such as infection, hemorrhage, shock, and penile mutilation • Heightened pain response to vaccinations • Current studies report no differences in penile sensitivity or arousal response in circumcised or uncircumcised males 45

The Testes • Male reproductive organs that: • Secrete male sex hormones (androgens) • Produce sperm • Spermatic cord: • Suspends each testis in the scrotum • one teste is usually higher than the other. • Contains the vas deferens, blood vessels, and nerves • Surrounded by layer of muscle called the cremaster muscle that lifts the testicles as they contract

Castration • Removing or destroying the testicles • Practiced across much of human history, particularly in Asia and the Mediterranean • Castrated before puberty, eunuchs filled socially condoned roles such as managers, teachers, diplomats, military officials, and operatic stars • The last castrato of the Vatican’s choir died in 1922  Castrated to keep voice pure and angelic • Most current castrations are not done before puberty and are performed surgically or chemically to control disease such as prostate cancer • Castrations also done to people who commit sexual assault and rape.

The Seminiferous Tubules and the Epididymis • The seminiferous tubules • Live inside the testes • Produce and store sperm, along with the interstitial cells • The epididymis • Covers part of each testicle • Matures and stores sperm