Zhu and Sarkis (2004)Survey questionnaire to 186manufacturing firms in ChinaIV: GSCM PracticesModerators: qualitymanagement and just- in- timeDV: OrganizationalperformanceGSCM: Internal environmentalmanagement, external GSCM,investment recovery and ecodesignOrganizational performance:environmental performance,positive economicperformance and negativeeconomic performanceFactor analysis for variablesinternal consistency andvalidityMultivariate regressionanalysis to test therelationship*Firms with higher levels ofGSCM adoption have betterenvironmental and positiveeconomicperformance *638The relations among environmentaldisclosure, environmental performanceand economic performance: asimultaneous equations approachAl- Tuwaijiriet al.(2004)Analysis of cross- sectionalsample of 198 US firms fromStandard & PoorsDVs: Economic performance,environmental performanceand environmental disclosureIvs: Unexpectedearnings, growthopportunities, environmentalexposure, environmentalconcern.Control variables:public visibility and firm sizeEnvironmental concern ismeasured by: havingenvironmental committee,number and frequency ofenvironmental reportspublished and number ofprograms the firm participate inThree- stage least squaresregression* There is positive relationbetween economicperformance andenvironmental performance.* environmental performanceis positively related toenvironmental disclosure.349Does it really pay to be greenKing and Lenox (2001)Analysis of 652 USmanufacturing firms during1987- 1996IV: EnvironmentalperformanceDV: Financial performanceControl variables: Companysize, capital intensity, theannual growth, leverage, R&Dintensity and stringencyIV: Relative emissions andindustry emissionsDV:Tobin's qLeast- squares regressionanalysis* Environmental performanceis associated with financialperformance*Firms withlower emissions in theirindustries have higherfinancial performance296Greening the supply chain: new initiativein south east AsiaRao (2002)Survey questionnaire to 52manufacturing firms inPhilippine, Malaysia,Indonesia, Thailand andSingaporeEnvironmental initiatives andPerformanceIV: Environment initiatives andgreen supply chainenvironmental managementDV: Environmentalperformance, economicperformance andcompetitivenessConfirmatory and exploratoryfactor analysis to validate theconstructs and structuralequation modelling tovalidate the model proposed* There is significant linkbetween environmentalinitiatives and environmentalperformance * There isimportant link betweenenvironmental performanceand competitiveness * Thereis important link betweencompetitiveness andeconomic performance277The moderating effects of institutionalpressures on emergent green supplychain practices and performanceZhu and Sarkis (2007)Survey questionnaire to 341manufacturing facilities inChinaIvs: Green supply chainpracticesDVs:Performance ImprovementsControl variables:Institutional pressuresGSCMPs: Internalenvironmental management,green purchasing, Eco-design, cooperation withcustomers and investmentrecoveryPerformance improvements:environmental, positiveeconomic and negativeeconomicInstitutionalpressure: Market, regulatoryand competitionExploratory factor analysis fordata reduction andhierarchical regressionanalysis to test therelationships* Market and regulatorypressures will influence
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