2007 per rochon vozoris gill 2017 clinicians avoid

benzodiazepines causing greater confusion and disorientation (Hilmer et al., 2007). Per Rochon,
Vozoris, & Gill (2017), clinicians avoid prescribing benzodiazepines for older people with
dementia because these drugs are associated with harms, including fall-related injuries such as
fractures and cognitive worsening, an adverse event that is especially concerning in vulnerable
older individuals who already have cognitive deficits. There are mechanisms that support the link
between benzodiazepine use and pneumonia, these medications produce sedation leading to
hypoventilation, reduce pressure in the lower esophageal sphincter leading to reflux and
aspiration, and can suppress immune function, all of which may contribute to pneumonia risk
(Rochon et al., 2017).

Plan of Care
Advanced practice nurse needs to determine the best treatment for a patient, what
medication is suitable for the patient, the right dose, time, and duration. Also, the age, gender,
and genetic disposition of the patient should be considered during assessment (Laureate
Education Inc., 2012). The plan of care for Joe will be assessment using nondrug intervention
such as assessing environment, checking for full bladder, constipation, room temperature, turning
on light to reduce nighttime confusion or restlessness. Pharmacological treatment may include
use of neuroleptic agents such as haloperidol as first line of treatment. Haloperidol and