15 elected politician who changes parties third

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elected politician who changes parties.
Third Parties: the United States has essentially followed a two-party system, with few
politicians from third parties winning election to major offices. However, third parties help
shape U.S. politics and government. These parties often focus on specific aims or issues that
attract a subset of voters (often dissatisfied) and thus encourage the major parties to adopt
some of their goals.
Congress
Necessary and proper clause (aka Elastic Clause) allows Congress to “make all laws which shall
be necessary and proper for carrying out into execution the foregoing of powers, and all other

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powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States, are reserved to the
states respectively, or to the people.” (Article I, Section 8 of Constitution)
Congressional oversight allows the legislature to keeps tabs on Executive performance, prevent
waste and fraud, safeguard civil rights, and collect information crucial to the law-making
process.
Federal regulatory commissions : report to Congress, not directly to the president. The
president appoints people to head regulatory commissions, but only Congress can remove
them. The president does not have the power to remove the head of a regulatory commission.
Examples: FDA, EPA, SEC, OSHA, FCC, FDIC, FAA, EEOC, The Fed (Federal Reserve), FTC, ICC, NLRB
(Labor relations board)
Administrative Discretion – refers to Congress’s authority to set guidelines that government
agencies must follow.
Congressional Committees:
- Standing Committees: Most actual work of Congress takes place. (Education in the workforce).
- Select or ad hoc Committees: Organized to deal with a temporary matter and is disbanded
once its purpose has been served.
- Appropriations: House and Senate have this Committee - allocates federal funds to
government agencies, departments, and organizations on an annual basis.
- Ways and Means: House of Representatives has jurisdiction over raising revenue, supervising
authority of feds to borrow money, overseeing social security, and tariffs on foreign goods.
- Congressional Oversight Committee: Charged with overseeing the activities of one or more
federal agencies.
- Conference Committees: resolve differences between existing House of Representatives and
Senate versions of a bill.
Markup session: The process by which congressional committees and subcommittees debate,
amend, and rewrite proposed legislation.

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How a Bill Becomes a Law
The Path of a Bill Through Congress
New laws are introduced as Bills . Once a legislator has been aware of an issue and has decided
to try and think up a solution, the legislator introduces a bill which gets put in the Speaker of
the House’s ‘ hopper .’
A bill must first clear the appropriate committees , which refer them to subcommittees, then to
full committees. If all committees approve the bill then it is sent to the House or Senate for
consideration.