predispositions to these traits, including the quality of parenting (Jonason, Lyons, & Bethell,2014). Others see Dark Triad traits as shaped by evolution to cope with harsh and unpredictableenvironments (Jonason, Icho, & Ireland, 2016). Because Dark Triad traits resulted in greatersurvival in certain environmental niches, the traits remain in our contemporary population. Inother words, bullies happen.Understanding the nature of bullies and their victims does not lead directly to a solution to thecyberbullying problem, but it might serve as a starting point. We can recognize, at least, thatindividuals do not have an equal likelihood of becoming bullies and that not all of those who arebullied will react the same way.Summary3.3Evolutionary Influences on BehaviorConceptDefinitionExampleCooperationWorking together to benefit allparties involved.Hunters work together to kill an animalthat an individual could not kill alone.AltruismSacrificing your personal intereststo benefit another.A young mother threw herself over herinfant during a parking lot shootout. Shedied, but the infant survived.ReciprocalaltruismSacrificing when you expect therecipient might do the same foryou at some future time.You share food with a hungry person,thinking that someone might share withyou later.SexualselectionThe evolutionary pressure on traitsthat help individuals find mates.A woman may choose a man whosefacial appearance is correlated withbeing a good father.
