He had the control over the smithsonian they were

He had the control over the Smithsonian
They were able to get 600 pounds of the ground initially. They were trying to do with the
lightest material
 Video 2b
The structure of DNA – Watson and Crick, but it turns out they didn’t discover DNA
- Frederich Miescher (1869) : He discovered DNA in the nuclei of WBC in pus. He tried to
determine the nature and structure. His mentor didn’t think that his research was worth
publishing so he did not publish. Eventually his paper was published but did not make a
lot of impact.
- Back in the days, individuals who do research, one professor dominated, and the papers
were always at his name.
- Oswald Avery (1877-1955): In 1944 made the next major step to isolate and determine
the function of DNA. Demonstrated it had replication capacities.
The nature of scientific research
- Simultaneous discovery happens
Linus Pauling early 1940s he published a proposed structure of DNA, but he wasn’t
correct.
Watson and crick they find out the structure for DNA (very young men). They were
working in obscurity.
- Credit/patent issues
Rosalind Franklin did not get credit because she was not alive
Maurice Wilkins was working with Rosalind Franklin.
Who gets the credit??  Watson and Crick and Maurice Wilkins (Nobel Prize). Most
people feel it should be Rosalin Franklin
- Ego Issues
women often don’t get the credit
 Video 3
 Journals
- The first peer reviewed journals : in 1843  the Journal of the Chemical Society in UK.
The articles were sent out to evaluation. Moconic acid, substance of opium was of
interest for them
10

- Types of publication
1. Journals
2. Books (summary of journals)
3. Reviews
4. Full papers (paper with all the details)
5. Notes
6. Communications (Watson and crick published) articles with the basic info. Short
paper reviewed and published quickly.
 Video 4a
 Steps for academic research
- You find an idea and you write it down
- Ask for a grant to pay for the research
- After 6months to 1 year = A grant is secured  Time passes  Finally a result  Time
to publish
- Peer review (detail of the process)
The researcher (you)
The editor = excellent researcher and good judgement (editor of the journal)
Referee (multiple) usually 2 decide whether it should be published. Makes a judgement
based on the writing. Ego issues because the referee may be a competitor to the
researcher. Send
Researcher  Editor (selects papers based on the subject)  Referee
The researcher does not know the identity of the referee, but the referee does.
Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900-1981) = the Krebs cycle
- He was initially rejected, but later on, he got published
Communications (personal experience of the prof)
- To give added comments is an added generosity
11
Primary
literature
Sends back to the editor with changes to be made
if he believes the research is salvageable
The editor sends back to the researcher so that he
can make the changes. The editor makes the final
decision. Researcher to editor and editor to
researcher will happen multiple times.

 Video 4b
 Names on publications
- One of the most complex in publishing
-