Onscientiousness o organized vs disorganized o

onscientiousness
o Organized vs disorganized
o Careful vs careless
o Disciplined vs impulsive
o From discipline and organization to lack of seriousness
 E xtraversion
o Sociable vs retiring
o Fun-loving vs sober
o Affectionate vs reserved
o From sociability and outgoingness to introversion
 A greeableness
o Soft-hearted vs ruthless
o Trusting vs suspicious
o Helpful vs uncooperative
o From compliance and cooperativeness to suspiciousness
 N euroticism (emotional stability):
o Calm vs anxious
o Secure vs insecure
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o Self-satisfied vs self-pitying
o From emotional stability to emotional instability
How does infant temperament relate to adult trait?
 Behavioral style
 Genetically determined biologically based response tendencies
o Reactive
o calm
 Personality stability
Chess & Thomas’s 3 temperaments: easy, difficult, slow to warm up
 Easy :
o 40%
o Positive mood, regular routines, easily adapts to new experiences
 Difficult:
o 10%
o Reacts negatively, cries frequently, irregular routine, slow to accept new
experiences
 Slow-to-warm-up :
o 15%
o Inactive, slow to adapt to new experiences but do eventually warm up, low
intensity of mood
Buss and Ploman’s 3 domains (emotionality, activity, sociability- remember : Emily Acts
Social)
 Emotionality:
o Tendency to be distressed
o Same as ‘easy’ or ‘difficult’
o Sympathetic arousal
o Two forms of distress
 Fearful: try to escape
 Angry: protest
 Activity:
o Tempo and vigor of movement
o High : walk fast, jumps and bounces a lot, like high energy games
o Low : placid
 Sociability:
o Tendency to prefer the company of others to being alone
o High: extraversion
o Low: introversion
Be able to describe Kagan’s behavioral inhibition.
 Behavioral inhibition
o High emotionality and low sociability
o Shy, restrained or distressed with unfamiliar situations or new people
(automatically aroused)
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o 4 months- wriggle and fret
o 21 months- long to warm up, retreat and fret
o Correlated to temperament at 5 ½ , 7 ½ , and 13 but only about 50% in
adolescence
Know evidences of personality CHANGE –
The stage theories. (Freud, Erickson)
 Freud :
o Psychoanalytic
 Stages
 Erickson:
o Psychosocial
 Stages
 Big 5 (OCEAN):
o Psychometric/trait
 Stable
 Bandura:
o Social-learning
 Situational
Know Freud’s stages
 ID:
o Unconscious
o Basic drives to survive, reproduce, aggress
o Operates on the pleasure principle (immediate gratification)
o Me, me, me!
o At birth, all psychic energy is on the ID
o Uses immediate gratification and primary process  day dreaming
 EGO:
o Executive and conscious
o A mediator between the ID and SUPER EGO and reality
o Operates on the reality principle
o Maximizes long term consequences to gain pleasure
o Can delay gratification and use secondary process  figure out what you
need to do to achieve goal
 SUPER EGO:
o The ideal
o Operates on the perfection principle
o How we ought to behave, out conscience
o Internalized standards
o Pride (+) of guilt (-)
Know the ‘important’ Erikson’s stages
 Trust vs. mistrust:
o Needs met
 Attachment formed
 Learns about the world
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 Learns about themselves
o Age: infants- 0-1 years
o Virtue: Hope
 Identity vs. role confusion: