SeePrussian bluepotassium magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 262potassium manganate, 185, 473potassium metal, 291, 615potassium nitrate, 377–378potassium perchlorate, 473, 474, 475potassium permanganate, 182, 473, 546–547, 555potassium peroxodisulfate, 443potassium salt, 248, 527, 559potassium sulfate, 308potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II), 508potassium thiocyanate, 554potentials, and free energy, 177Pourbaix, Marcel, 182Pourbaix diagrams, 182–184, 186, 188chromium, 538–539copper, 568iron species, 552manganese system, 182–183sulfur, 187, 447technetium, 588powdered limestone, 436precipitates, 105precipitation reactions, 93, 159predominance-area diagrams.SeePourbaixdiagramspreservatives, 436, 437Priestley, Joseph, 409–410, 604primitive cubic packing.Seesimple cubic packingprincipal axis, 68principal quantum number, 3, 17, 21, 25, 31–32probability model, 42promethium, 24, 27propanal, 3302-propanol, 6152-propanone, 615propellants, 370, 379propene, 150, 299, 639propenyl species, 639proper rotation, 67–68propyl cation, 150protactinium, 216
IndexI-19protein synthesis, by plants, 594proteins, 241–242, 570protic solvents, polar,138–141protium, 228protonic bridge, 235, 236protons, 23–25, 94, 229See alsoatomic numberPrussian blue, 222, 223, 554, 556pseudo-alkali-metal ion, 378pseudo-halide ions, 377, 477–478, 503pseudo-halogens, 478pseudo-interhalogen compounds, 478pterin system, 594pulmonary edema, 590pulp and paper industry, 260Pyrex, 293pyridinium ring, 142pyrite (fool’s gold).Seeiron(II) disulfidepyrometallurgy, 564pyrophoric metals, 413pyrophosphoric acid, 396pyrosilicate ion, 344pyrosulfate ion, 441pyrosulfuric acid, 439, 440Pythagorean theorem, 100quadruple metal-metal bonds, 582–584quantum confinement, 103quantum dots, 103–104quantum mechanical model of the atom,2–3, 42quantum (or shell) model of nucleus, 25, 26quantum numbers, 3–5quartz, 61–62, 341, 348See alsosilicon dioxidequartz glass, 342quicklime.Seecalcium oxideRacah parameter, 510radial density distribution function, 6–8radiation, 444, 454radiation shields, 342radiation trapping.Seegreenhouse effect, 75radical anion, 615radical convention, 614radioactive elements, 271radioactive isotopes, 24, 25, 27, 222, 228–229,256, 325–326radiocarbon dating, 326radioimaging, 588radiolaria, 357radiopharmaceuticals, technetium, 588radium, 271radius ratio, 100, 101, 104radius ratio rule, 104radon, 488, 489, 495–496radon-222, 495railroad cars, 304, 392Raimondi, D. L., 32rain, 186Raman, C. V. 73Raman-active vibrations, 73Raman spectroscopy, 73–75Ramsay, Sir William, 487rare earth elements, 23, 216reactionsprediction of, 156, 158spontaneity factors of, 119spontaneous, 114, 120reactivitiesalkali metals, 193alkaline earth metals, 272Group 15 elements, 194halogens, 194of hydrides, 199reactor vessels, 370reagentsdiborane, 299dioxygen, 413, 415Grignard, 277, 616–618, 636phosphine, 393realgar, 16red blood cells, 266red lead, 352, 353red mud, 303, 305red phosphorus, 364, 390redox equations, 173–175redox reactions, 167–168, 173–175, 184synthesizing compounds, 526–527and water, 423redox synthesis, 184–185redox titrations, 217, 442reducing agents, 185, 376, 435reduction, 167–168and oxidation, 167–190solid-phase, 185See alsoredox reactionsreduction half-reaction, 179reduction potential diagrams.SeeLatimerdiagramsreduction potentials, 416, 458reductive elimination, 634, 647reflection, and improper rotation, 69reflection planes, 68, 70reflectivity, of metals, 81, 82refractory compounds, 279refrigerants, 331, 336, 370, 399refrigeration units, 337–338repulsion, inter-electronic, 521–522repulsive forces, between protons andelectrons, 25residual negative charge, 628resins, 616resonance, 53resonance mixture, dinitrogen oxide molecule, 54resonance structures, 53, 418respiration, 185Restrepo, Guillermo, 206rhenium, 580, 588, 589rhenium diboride, 589rhenium-rhenium bonds, 589rheumatoid arthritis, 596Rhizobium,399rhodium, 589–591, 624, 632, 633, 644, 645rhodium species, 647ring whizzing, 643Rivera, Ron, 596rivers, 186, 413RNA, 241, 309, 399road surfaces, 283
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