O diffusion perfusion systemic circulation anemia

o Diffusion / perfusion
 Systemic circulation
 Anemia- decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit.
 When someone is bleeding internally or externally.
 The main 3 processes- ventilation, gas exchange, & perfusion
 Volumes
o PFT- pulmonary function test- spirometry
o Titer volume- total amount of volume with each inspiration and expiration.
 500 mL
o Residual Volume- the leftover volume
 Obstructive disorders- for ex- pneumonia.
 Their residual volume is high.
 Eupnea- normal breathing- rate- 12-20
 Respiratory problems
o Signs and symptoms
 Dyspnea- Shortness of breath, difficulty breathing (your body is requiring
more oxygen)
 Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
 Orthopnea- lying down position is difficult to breathe
 Like people w pulmonary edema,
 Apnea- absent of breathing
 Sneezing - allergies, sick, upper airway obstruction, influenza
 Coughing- congestion, sick,
 Sputum- phlegm, you ask patient the amount, color, consistency,
 Thick consistency- maybe infection
o If it is green, tan – infection. So you send for a culture
o Blood- cancer, TB, inflammation, irritant.
 Hemoptysis – blood when coughing

 Breathing pattern
o Anything besides eupnea is abnormal.
o Normal breathing rate is 12-20.
o Tachypnea- fast breathing – anxious, inflammation, fever,
o Bradypnea- respiratory center depressed, slow breathing,
o Apnea- not breathing
o Kusshmal breathing- deep regular sighing, increased resp rate
 Metabolic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis
o Cheyne stokes respirations- periodic breathing w periods of apnea, resp rate
decreased.
o Stridor- high pitched grating sound when there is an airway obstruction.