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40 PMBOK
®
Guide
▶ Scope stability. If the scope of the deliverable is stable and not likely to change, a predictive
approach is useful. If the scope is expected to have many changes, an approach that is closer
to the adaptive side of the spectrum can be useful.
▶ Ease of change. Related to the requirements certainty and the scope stability, if the nature
of the deliverable makes it difficult to manage and incorporate changes, then a predictive
approach is best. Deliverables that can adapt easily to change can use an approach that is
more adaptive.
▶ Delivery options. As described in Section 2.3.2 on Delivery Cadence, the nature of the
deliverable and whether it can be delivered in components influences the development
approach. Products, services, or results that can be developed and/or delivered in pieces
are aligned with incremental, iterative, or adaptive approaches. Some large projects
may be planned using a predictive approach, but there may be some pieces that can be
developed and delivered incrementally.
▶ Risk. Products that are inherently high risk require analysis before choosing the
development approach. Some high-risk products may require significant up-front planning
and rigorous processes to reduce threats. Other products can reduce risk by building them
modularly and adapting the design and development based on learning to take advantage
of emerging opportunities or reduce the exposure to threats.
▶ Safety requirements. Products that have rigorous safety requirements often use a
predictive approach as there is a need for significant up-front planning to ensure that all
the safety requirements are identified, planned for, created, integrated, and tested.
▶ Regulations. Environments that have significant regulatory oversight may need to use a
predictive approach due to the required process, documentation, and demonstration needs.
2.3.4.2 Project
Project variables that influence the development approach are centered around stakeholders,
schedule constraints, and funding availability.
▶ Stakeholders. Projects that use adaptive methods require significant stakeholder
involvement throughout the process. Certain stakeholders, such as the product owner,
play a substantial role in establishing and prioritizing work.
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▶ Schedule constraints. If there is a need to deliver something early, even if it is not
a finished product, an iterative or adaptive approach is beneficial.
▶ Funding availability. Projects that work in an environment of funding uncertainty can
benefit from an adaptive or iterative approach. A minimum viable product can be released
with less investment than an elaborate product. This allows for market testing or market
capture with minimum investment. Further investments can be made based on the market
response to the product or service.