years ago. The scale is used to measure anxiety and depression, as they often coexist, using a 14-
question questionnaire, 7 questions for anxiety and 7 questions for depression. One study was
conducted to reveal reliability and construct validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression
Scale (HADS) in a nursing home population. The study revealed Cronbach’s Alpha values of
0.60-0.83, showing acceptable to good values, (Haugan & Drageset, 2014). The study concluded
that the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HADS) scale supported good internal consistency.
According to Haugan & Drageset, 2014), “Though anxiety and depression have been found to be
highly correlated, they are still representing two distinct constructs. In this study the factor
correlation was highly significant (φ 0.57), “(p.12).
The researcher will measure pressure ulcer risk using the Braden Risk Scale. The scale was
developed in 1987. The scale is designed to help health care professionals determine and assess a
patient’s risk for developing a pressure injury. The scale is composed of 6 subscales that are
totaled together to determine risk of developing a pressure injury, scores can range from 6-23,
the lower the score the higher the risk of developing a pressure injury. According to Yilmazer et
al. (2019) “the first Turkish reliability and validity tests for this scale were conducted by Oğuz
(Cronbach’s alpha=0.95) in 1997.The reliability and validity of the scale were previously found


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- Winter '17
- Denise Cauble
- researcher, Foley catheter