•NormaloVaries to some degree in accordance with person’s genetic makeup and degree ofphysical activity•Deviations from normaloPresence of tenderness, swelling, crepitation, or nodulesRange of Motions•FlexionoMove the head from the upright midline position forward, so that the chin rests on thechest•ExtensionoMove the head from the flexed position to the upright position•HyperextensionoMove the head from the upright position back as far as possible
•Lateral FlexionoMove the head laterally to the right and left shoulders•RotationoMove the head laterally to the right and left shoulders•FlexionoRaise each arm from a position by the side forwardand upward to a position beside the head•ExtensionoMove each arm from a vertical position beside thehead forward and down to a resting position at the sideof the body•HyperextensionoMove each arm from a resting side position to behindthe body•AbductionoMove each arm laterally from a resting position at thesides to a side position above the head, palm of the handaway from the head•Adduction (Anterior)oMove each arm from a position at the sides across thefront of the body as far as possibleoThe elbow may be straight or bent
•CircumductionoMove each arm forward, up, back, and down in a fullcircle•FlexionoMove each arm forward, up, back, and down in a fullcircle•ExtensionoBring each lower arm forward and downward,straightening•External RotationoWith each arm held out to the side at shoulder level andthe elbow bent to a right angle, fingers pointing down,move the arm upward so that the fingers point up•Internal RotationoWith each arm held out to the side at shoulder level andthe elbow bent to a right angle, fingers pointing up, movethe arm forward and down so that the fingers point down•Rotation for supinationoTurn each hand and forearm so that the palm is facingupward•Rotation for pronationoTurn each hand and forearm so that the palm is facingdownward
•FlexionoBring the fingers of each hand toward theinner aspect of the forearm•ExtensionoStraighten each hand to the same plane asthe arm•HyperextensionoBend the fingers of each hand back as far aspossible•Radial Flexion (Abduction)oBend each wrist laterally toward the thumb side withhand supinated•Ulnar Flexion (Adduction)oBend each wrist laterally toward the fifth finger with thehand supinated•FlexionoMake a fist with each hand; Extension.Straighten the fingers of each hand•HyperextensionoBend the fingers of each hand back as faras possible
•AbductionoSpread the fingers of each hand apart•AdductionoBring the fingers of each hand together•FlexionoMove each thumb across the palmar surface of the handtoward the fifth finger•ExtensionoMove each thumb away from the hand•AbductionoExtend each thumb laterally•AdductionoMove each thumb back to the hand•OppositionoTouch each thumb to the top of each finger of the samehand.
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