BCE until 2800 BCE. It is related to the Hakra
Phase, identified in the Ghaggar-Hakra River
Valley to the west, and predates the Kot
Diji Phase (2800-2600 BCE, Harappan 2),
named after a site in northern Sindh, Pakistan,
near Mohenjo Daro. The earliest examples of
the Indus script date from around 3000 BCE.
The mature phase of earlier village cultures is
represented by Rehman Dheri and Amri in
Pakistan. Kot Diji (Harappan 2) represents the
phase leading up to Mature Harappan, with
the citadel representing centralized authority
and an increasingly urban quality of life.
Another town of this stage was found
at Kalibangan in India on the Hakra River.

MATURE HARAPPAN
By 2600 BCE, the Early
Harappan communities had
been turned into large urban
centers. Such urban centers
include Harappa, Ganeriwala,
Mohenjo-daro in modern
day Pakistan and
Dholavira, Kalibangan, Rakhig
arhi, Rupar, Lothal in modern
day India. In total, over 1,052
cities and settlements have
been found, mainly in the
general region of the Indus
Rivers and their tributaries.

ARTS
AND
CULTURE
Various sculptures, seals, pottery, gold jewelry
and anatomically detailed figurines in terracotta,
bronze and steatite have been found at the
excavation sites.
A number of gold, terra-cotta and stone figurines
of girls in dancing poses reveal the presence of
some dance form. Also, these terra-cotta figurines
included cows, bears, monkeys, and dogs. Sir John
Marshall is known to have reacted with surprise
when he saw the famous Indus bronze statuette of
a slender-limbed dancing girl in Mohenjo-daro:
When I first saw them I found it difficult to believe
that they were prehistoric; they seemed to
completely upset all established ideas about early
art, and culture. Modeling such as this was


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- Fall '19
- Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley