The whigs origin lay in constitutional monarchism and

power with their rivals, the Tories. The Whigs' origin lay in constitutional monarchism and
opposition to absolute monarchy.
2. The Inclosure Acts (or "Enclosure Acts" in modern spelling) was a series of United Kingdom Acts
of Parliament which enclosed open fields and common land in the country, creating legal property
rights to land that was previously considered common.
b. Enlightenment: reason and the betterment of humanity
1. a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and
individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as
Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire,
Rousseau, and Adam Smith.
b. Montesquieu
1. A French lawyer , man of letters , and political philosopher who lived during the Age of
Enlightenment . He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers , which is
implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. He is also known for doing more than
any other author to secure the place of the word despotism in the political lexicon
b. Diderot
1. Denis Diderot ( 5 October 1713 – 31 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic , and writer.
He was a prominent figure during the Enlightenment and is best known for serving as co-founder,
chief editor, and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert .
b. Peter the Great and Westernization
1. Imitation, people say, is the sincerest form of flattery. Think about it - when a TV show or
YouTube video is wildly successful, the market usually becomes awash with imitators for a few
months after their initial fame. While it was certainly more complicated than a video making a
million hits on YouTube, Peter the Great's westernization projects in Russia in the late 17th and
early 18th centuries were in part an imitation of Peter the Great's favorite international region:
Western Europe.
b. Committee of Public Safety- origins
1. The Committee of Public Safety (French: Comité de salut public), created in April 1793 by the
National Convention and then restructured in July 1793, formed the de facto executive
government in France during the Reign of Terror (1793–94), a stage of the French Revolution.
b. Napoleon
1. Napoléon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the
French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars.
b. Legacy of the French Revolution
The legacy of the French Revolution