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Cut and paste transposition – element is cut out of one site in a chromosome and pasted into a new site on either same or different chromosome (Enzyme: Transposase, both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes)2)Replicative transposition (or copy and paste – element is replicated and one copy is inserted at a new site, other copy remains at original site (Only in prokaryotes)3)Retrotransposition – element is transcribed into RNA reversed back into DNA insertion of DNA into a new site on same or different chromosome (Eukaryotes only) The retroviruses use reverse transcriptase (retrovirus-like elements) structure: central coding region flanked by long terminal repeats (LTRs) and possess genes homologous to gag and pol but lack env genes, other elements are called retroposons (lack LTRs) IS Elements-Simplest transposons in bacteria-First detected in lac- mutants of E. coli-Inverted terminal repeats are found at both ends of IS elements-Some IS elements encode enzyme transposase-Insertion of an IS element causes target site duplication (uneven cleavage is caused and then DNA ligase seals the gaps)
-Composite transposons – created when two IS elements are inserted near each other-TN3 Elements are larger than IS elements and have simple inverted repeats at each end, they produce large target site duplication when they transpose when they insert into DNALife Cycle of HIV-Viral and cellular membrane fuse, allowing viral core to enter the targeted cell-Viral RNA is released and transcribed into DNA-DNA translates into the nucleus-RNA polymerase transcribes viral DNA into viral DNA-Viral RNA particles form near the cellular membrane and are extruded from the cell by budding-Progeny virus particles are free to infect other cellsReplication of HIV genomePBS –Primer binding site (causes RNA to be removed)PPT – polypurine tract (stays because system requires molecule to make short stranded DNA)