When ever alienated or depressed groups come to view that
dominant culture is unjust or used as a tool for the ruling
classes their exists a potential for collective behavior
CB can emerge in structured settings
Fads
o
Fads morph as they spread
o
As new group acquires it, some changes are made
o
Most have a commercial dimension
o
Companies try to exploit these

o
Technology acts as factor that can increase fads
Culture as indifferent, inadequate opposed to CB
o
Is looting ok after a disaster, justified taking?
Continuum of cultural limits
o
Cannibalism
o
A redefinition of right and wrong
People justify what they do, when unusual things are done
•
“I am morally justified in stepping out of the boundaries in this
situation”
Contagion Approach
o
Disease-like, uncontrollable
o
Mass hysteria
Power of suggestibility overwhelm individuals
Ones behavior in a crowd will differ than if that person was alone
o
Gustav Lebon
Held negative views on the crowd
Believed individuals were much different in crowds, they act
destructively, under the influence of passion
Behavior result as irrational extreme emotional impulses that are
unleashed when traditional control mechanism weaken or breakdown
o
Suggestibility
People will fall into the power of suggestion only when they are
predisposed to feel or act that way
•
There has to be a “first” person or “key-noter”
o
Offers direction for the crowd
o
Initiates a chain reaction and legitimizes an action as
more and more people follow
o
New norms produced can be regularized
o
Circular reaction
Occurs when the normal interpretive phase of communication is
interrupted by intense and accelerated milling (wandering with no
purpose of direction, ultimately builds up intensity of issue)
•
Milling is usually also a precursor to CB
•
As tempo of crowd increases the inability of individuals to act
on their own diminish and begin to follow the crowd
o
Milling can escalate to a point where it becomes a
religious movement
o
Overtime this approach has been conceived as being flawed

o
Can be a useful metaphor when conceived as suggestibility not as some
overpowering infection that people cannot resist
People do not lose the ability of decision making, rationality amongst
individuals always exist, people do not become crazed zombies
People only imitate others if they already posses a similar
predisposition
, already inclined to act that way
Convergence Approach
o
People form crowds and acting crowds because they share certain
predispositions or characteristics (ie beliefs, background characteristics)
o
Psychological version


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- Spring '08
- Jepson
- Sociology, Norms, Social movement